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Nocturnal incubation recess and flushing behavior by duck hens
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-01 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7561 Rebecca Croston 1 , Sarah H Peterson 1 , C Alex Hartman 1 , Mark P Herzog 1 , Cliff L Feldheim 2 , Michael L Casazza 1 , Joshua T Ackerman 1
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-01 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7561 Rebecca Croston 1 , Sarah H Peterson 1 , C Alex Hartman 1 , Mark P Herzog 1 , Cliff L Feldheim 2 , Michael L Casazza 1 , Joshua T Ackerman 1
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Incubating birds must balance the needs of their developing embryos with their own physiological needs, and many birds accomplish this by taking periodic breaks from incubation. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and gadwall (Mareca strepera) hens typically take incubation recesses in the early morning and late afternoon, but recesses can also take place at night. We examined nocturnal incubation recess behavior for mallard and gadwall hens nesting in Suisun Marsh, California, USA, using iButton temperature dataloggers and continuous video monitoring at nests. Fourteen percent of all detected incubation recesses (N = 13,708) were nocturnal and took place on 20% of nest-days (N = 8,668). Video monitoring showed that hens covered their eggs with down feathers when they initiated a nocturnal recess themselves as they would a diurnal recess, but they left the eggs uncovered in 94% of the nocturnal recesses in which predators appeared at nests. Thus, determining whether or not eggs were left uncovered during a recess can provide strong indication whether the recess was initiated by the hen (eggs covered) or a predator (eggs uncovered). Because nest temperature decreased more rapidly when eggs were left uncovered versus covered, we were able to characterize eggs during nocturnal incubation recesses as covered or uncovered using nest temperature data. Overall, we predicted that 75% of nocturnal recesses were hen-initiated recesses (eggs covered) whereas 25% of nocturnal recesses were predator-initiated recesses (eggs uncovered). Of the predator-initiated nocturnal recesses, 56% were accompanied by evidence of depredation at the nest during the subsequent nest monitoring visit. Hen-initiated nocturnal recesses began later in the night (closer to morning) and were shorter than predator-initiated nocturnal recesses. Our results indicate that nocturnal incubation recesses occur regularly (14% of all recesses) and, similar to diurnal recesses, most nocturnal recesses (75%) are initiated by the hen rather than an approaching predator.
中文翻译：
鸭母鸡夜间孵化间隙和潮红行为
孵化中的鸟类必须平衡发育中胚胎的需求和自身的生理需求，许多鸟类通过在孵化中定期休息来实现这一点。绿头鸭 ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 和野鸭 ( Mareca strepera ) 母鸡通常在清晨和下午晚些时候进行孵化休息，但也可以在夜间进行。我们使用 iButton 温度数据记录仪和巢穴连续视频监控，研究了在美国加利福尼亚州 Suisun Marsh 筑巢的绿头鸭和野鸭母鸡的夜间孵化休息行为。在所有检测到的孵化间隙中，有 14% ( N = 13,708) 是夜间活动的，并且发生在 20% 的巢日 ( N = 8,668)。视频监控显示，当母鸡自己开始夜间休息时，它们会用绒毛覆盖鸡蛋，就像白天休息一样，但在捕食者出现在巢穴的夜间休息时，94%的鸡蛋都没有被覆盖。因此，确定在休息期间鸡蛋是否未被覆盖可以提供强有力的指示，该休息是由母鸡（鸡蛋被覆盖）还是捕食者（鸡蛋未被覆盖）发起的。由于与被覆盖相比，当蛋未被覆盖时，巢温度下降得更快，因此我们能够使用巢温度数据来表征夜间孵化期间被覆盖或未被覆盖的蛋。总体而言，我们预测 75% 的夜间隐窝是母鸡发起的隐窝（蛋被覆盖），而 25% 的夜间隐窝是捕食者发起的隐窝（蛋未被覆盖）。在捕食者发起的夜间活动中，56% 在随后的巢穴监测访问中伴随着巢穴被掠夺的证据。 母鸡发起的夜间休息时间开始于夜间较晚（接近早晨），并且比捕食者发起的夜间休息时间短。我们的研究结果表明，夜间孵化期有规律地发生（占所有孵化期的 14%），并且与昼间孵化期类似，大多数夜间孵化期（75%）是由母鸡而不是接近的捕食者发起的。
更新日期：2021-06-22
中文翻译：
鸭母鸡夜间孵化间隙和潮红行为
孵化中的鸟类必须平衡发育中胚胎的需求和自身的生理需求，许多鸟类通过在孵化中定期休息来实现这一点。绿头鸭 ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 和野鸭 ( Mareca strepera ) 母鸡通常在清晨和下午晚些时候进行孵化休息，但也可以在夜间进行。我们使用 iButton 温度数据记录仪和巢穴连续视频监控，研究了在美国加利福尼亚州 Suisun Marsh 筑巢的绿头鸭和野鸭母鸡的夜间孵化休息行为。在所有检测到的孵化间隙中，有 14% ( N = 13,708) 是夜间活动的，并且发生在 20% 的巢日 ( N = 8,668)。视频监控显示，当母鸡自己开始夜间休息时，它们会用绒毛覆盖鸡蛋，就像白天休息一样，但在捕食者出现在巢穴的夜间休息时，94%的鸡蛋都没有被覆盖。因此，确定在休息期间鸡蛋是否未被覆盖可以提供强有力的指示，该休息是由母鸡（鸡蛋被覆盖）还是捕食者（鸡蛋未被覆盖）发起的。由于与被覆盖相比，当蛋未被覆盖时，巢温度下降得更快，因此我们能够使用巢温度数据来表征夜间孵化期间被覆盖或未被覆盖的蛋。总体而言，我们预测 75% 的夜间隐窝是母鸡发起的隐窝（蛋被覆盖），而 25% 的夜间隐窝是捕食者发起的隐窝（蛋未被覆盖）。在捕食者发起的夜间活动中，56% 在随后的巢穴监测访问中伴随着巢穴被掠夺的证据。 母鸡发起的夜间休息时间开始于夜间较晚（接近早晨），并且比捕食者发起的夜间休息时间短。我们的研究结果表明，夜间孵化期有规律地发生（占所有孵化期的 14%），并且与昼间孵化期类似，大多数夜间孵化期（75%）是由母鸡而不是接近的捕食者发起的。
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