We are presenting graphene-based Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulators, which can operate in the range from the TeraHertz up to the infrared. It is noteworthy that these devices have huge advantages over the silicon Mach–Zehnder optical modulators (MZMs) with lateral PN-junction rib-waveguide phase shifters. Among the countless advantages, we can mention, for example, that these modulators consist of only one waveguide and have a much simpler application system of the modulator signal (gate voltage) than in silicon-based MZMs. Other huge advantages are greater efficiency, and yet, they are cheaper and have shorter lengths [and consequently, greater integration in photonic integrated circuit (PIC)]. The first step to present these modulators was to detail the graphene theory that is involved in this device. After this step, we show the project, numerical simulations, and analyses related to our graphene-based BPSK and QPSK modulators. We believe that these modulators will contribute to the generation of new devices made up of 2D materials, which should revolutionize this area of science.

我们将介绍基于石墨烯的二进制相移键控（BPSK）和正交相移键控（QPSK）调制器，它们的工作范围可以从太赫兹到红外。值得注意的是，与具有横向PN结肋型波导移相器的硅马赫曾德尔光学调制器（MZM）相比，这些器件具有巨大的优势。在众多优势中，例如，我们可以提及的是，这些调制器仅由一个波导组成，与基于硅的MZM相比，其调制器信号（栅极电压）的应用系统要简单得多。其他巨大的优势是更高的效率，然而，它们更便宜且长度更短[因此，光子集成电路（PIC）的集成度更高]。展示这些调制器的第一步是详细介绍该器件所涉及的石墨烯理论。完成此步骤后，我们将展示与基于石墨烯的BPSK和QPSK调制器有关的项目，数值模拟和分析。我们相信，这些调制器将有助于由2D材料制成的新设备的产生，这将彻底改变这一科学领域。