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Influence of chronic stress on the mechanism of the cytotoxic system in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Immunology ( IF 4.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-30 , DOI: 10.1111/imm.13345 Mazal Shimon-Hophy 1 , Ramy R Avtalion 1
Immunology ( IF 4.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-30 , DOI: 10.1111/imm.13345 Mazal Shimon-Hophy 1 , Ramy R Avtalion 1
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Aquaculture conditions expose fish to internal and environmental stressors that increase their susceptibility to morbidity and mortality. The brain accumulates stress signals and processes them according to the intensity, frequency duration and type of stress, recruiting several brain functions to activate the autonomic or limbic system. Triggering the autonomic system causes the rapid release of catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, into circulation from chromaffin cells in the head kidney. Catecholamines trigger blood cells to release proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines to cope with acute stress. Activation of the limbic axis stimulates the dorsolateral and dorsomedial pallium to process emotions, memory, behaviour and the activation of preoptic nucleus-pituitary gland-interrenal cells in the head kidney, releasing glucocorticoids, such as cortisol to the bloodstream. Glucocorticoids cause downregulation of various immune system functions depending on the duration, intensity and type of chronic stress. As stress persists, most immune functions, with the exception of cytotoxic functions, overcome these effects and return to homeostasis. The deterioration of cytotoxic functions during chronic stress appears to be responsible for increased morbidity and mortality.
中文翻译：
慢性应激对鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）细胞毒系统机制的影响
水产养殖条件使鱼类受到内部和环境压力因素的影响，从而增加了它们对发病率和死亡率的敏感性。大脑会积累压力信号并根据压力的强度、频率持续时间和类型来处理它们，从而调动多种大脑功能来激活自主神经系统或边缘系统。触发自主神经系统会导致儿茶酚胺（例如肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素）从头肾的嗜铬细胞快速释放到循环中。儿茶酚胺触发血细胞释放促炎和调节细胞因子以应对急性压力。边缘轴的激活刺激背外侧和背内侧大脑皮层处理情绪、记忆、行为和头肾视前核-垂体-肾间细胞的激活，向血液中释放糖皮质激素，如皮质醇。根据慢性压力的持续时间、强度和类型，糖皮质激素会导致各种免疫系统功能的下调。当压力持续存在时，除细胞毒性功能外，大多数免疫功能会克服这些影响并恢复体内平衡。慢性应激期间细胞毒性功能的恶化似乎是发病率和死亡率增加的原因。
更新日期：2021-04-30
中文翻译：
慢性应激对鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）细胞毒系统机制的影响
水产养殖条件使鱼类受到内部和环境压力因素的影响，从而增加了它们对发病率和死亡率的敏感性。大脑会积累压力信号并根据压力的强度、频率持续时间和类型来处理它们，从而调动多种大脑功能来激活自主神经系统或边缘系统。触发自主神经系统会导致儿茶酚胺（例如肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素）从头肾的嗜铬细胞快速释放到循环中。儿茶酚胺触发血细胞释放促炎和调节细胞因子以应对急性压力。边缘轴的激活刺激背外侧和背内侧大脑皮层处理情绪、记忆、行为和头肾视前核-垂体-肾间细胞的激活，向血液中释放糖皮质激素，如皮质醇。根据慢性压力的持续时间、强度和类型，糖皮质激素会导致各种免疫系统功能的下调。当压力持续存在时，除细胞毒性功能外，大多数免疫功能会克服这些影响并恢复体内平衡。慢性应激期间细胞毒性功能的恶化似乎是发病率和死亡率增加的原因。
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