This study investigated water quality using geochemical characteristics and potentially toxic metals in surface water and groundwater in Akamkpa-Biase, southeastern Nigeria. Mean concentrations of potentially toxic elements are within permissible limits for potable water, but pH (6.42) and Ba (0.093ppm) mean levels exceeded levels recommended for potable water by WHO (2009). Silicate and carbonate weathering, precipitation, and ion exchange are dominant geochemical processes controlling groundwater quality in the study area. Cations trend as Na > Ca > Mg and anion HCO₃ > Cl > SO_{4 i}n water. Piper plot shows that Ca + Mg, HCO₃ dominate the water type. ANOVA test revealed streams and groundwater sources contributed significantly to elemental concentrations in water. Silicate and carbonate weathering and anthropogenic inputs from mining and agricultural practices are the factors controlling water chemistry. Water sample classification based on metal load shows a dominance of near neutral low metal. Borehole water sources recorded near neutral/high metal classification were compared to shallow water sources. Mineral saturation indices (SI) at equilibrium (SI=0) were more than oversaturated (SI>0) and under saturated (SI<0) conditions in the water. Contamination index (C_d) shows evidence of 80% low contamination (C_d<1), 15% medium contamination (C_d1–3), and 5% high degree of contamination (C_d>3). Contamination index possesses a mean value of 0.39. Heavy metal evaluation index and heavy metal pollution index attained mean values of 6.99 and 17.68, respectively. These values are below 100, which is the critical value for water pollution. This study provides vital information in environmental management strategies for water quality investigations in Nigeria and other parts of the world.

这项研究利用地球化学特征以及尼日利亚东南部Akamkpa-Biase中地表水和地下水中的潜在有毒金属调查了水质。潜在有毒元素的平均浓度在饮用水的允许范围内，但pH（6.42）和Ba（0.093ppm）的平均水平超过了WHO（2009）建议的饮用水水平。硅酸盐和碳酸盐的风化，降水和离子交换是控制研究区地下水质量的主要地球化学过程。阳离子的趋势是Na> Ca> Mg和阴离子HCO ₃ > Cl> SO _4在水中。吹笛机图显示，Ca + Mg，HCO ₃占主导地位的水类型。方差分析测试显示溪流和地下水源对水中的元素浓度有显着影响。硅酸盐和碳酸盐的风化以及采矿和农业实践的人为投入是控制水化学的因素。基于金属负载的水样品分类显示了近中性低金属的优势。将记录在中性/高金属分类附近的钻孔水源与浅水源进行了比较。水中平衡状态（SI = 0）的矿物质饱和度指数（SI）大于饱和状态（SI> 0）和饱和状态（SI <0）的情况。污染指数（C _d）显示出80％的低污染（C _d <1），15％的中等污染（C _d）的证据1-3），以及5％的高度污染（C _d > 3）。污染指数的平均值为0.39。重金属评估指数和重金属污染指数的平均值分别为6.99和17.68。这些值低于100，这是水污染的临界值。这项研究为尼日利亚和世界其他地区的水质调查提供了环境管理策略中的重要信息。