In recent years, the number of CubeSats (U-class spacecrafts) launched into space has increased exponentially marking the dawn of the nanosatellite technology. In general, these satellites have a much smaller mass budget compared to conventional scientific satellites, which limits shielding of scientific instruments against direct and indirect radiation in space. We present a simulation framework to quantify the signal in large field-of-view gamma-ray scintillation detectors of satellites induced by x-ray/gamma-ray transients, by taking into account the response of the detector. Furthermore, we quantify the signal induced by x-ray and particle background sources at a Low-Earth Orbit outside South Atlantic Anomaly and polar regions. Finally, we calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) taking into account different energy threshold levels. Our simulation can be used to optimize material composition and predict detectability of various astrophysical sources by CubeSats. We apply the developed simulation to a satellite belonging to a planned CAMELOT CubeSat constellation. This project mainly aims to detect short and long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and as a secondary science objective, to detect soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs). The simulation includes a detailed computer-aided design model of the satellite to take into account the interaction of particles with the material of the satellite as accurately as possible. Results of our simulations predict that CubeSats can complement the large space observatories in high-energy astrophysics for observations of GRBs, SGRs, and TGFs. For the detectors planned to be on board the CAMELOT CubeSats, the simulations show that detections with SNR of at least 9 for median GRB and SGR fluxes are achievable.

中文翻译：

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CubeSats上的大型视野探测器对伽马射线源的预期信号和背景进行模拟

近年来，发射到太空中的CubeSat（U级航天器）的数量呈指数增长，标志着纳米卫星技术的诞生。通常，与常规科学卫星相比，这些卫星的总体预算要小得多，这限制了对科学仪器的屏蔽，使其免受空间的直接和间接辐射。我们提出了一个模拟框架，通过考虑检测器的响应来量化由x射线/γ射线瞬变引起的卫星的大视野伽马射线闪烁检测器中的信号。此外，我们量化了在南大西洋异常和极地地区以外的低地球轨道上由X射线和粒子背景源诱发的信号。最后，我们在考虑不同能量阈值水平的情况下计算信噪比（SNR）。我们的模拟可用于优化材料成分，并预测CubeSats对各种天体来源的可探测性。我们将开发的模拟应用于属于计划中的CAMELOT CubeSat星座的卫星。该项目的主要目的是检测短和长伽马射线爆发（GRB），并将其作为次要科学目标，以检测软伽马射线中继器（SGR）和地面伽马射线闪光（TGF）。模拟包括详细的计算机辅助卫星设计模型，以尽可能精确地考虑粒子与卫星材料的相互作用。我们的模拟结果预测，CubeSat卫星可以补充高能天体物理学中的大型空间观测站，以用于观测GRB，SGR和TGF。对于计划安装在CAMELOT CubeSat上的探测器，