Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) processes are gaining attention owing to their advantages over the conventional biological nitrogen removal processes. Although technologies related to sidestream anammox processes are being adopted as the latest advanced solutions, the application of these processes to mainstream wastewater is still under investigation. Here, we have comprehensively reviewed the challenges and opportunities of mainstream anammox processes. Mainstream processes face a variety of challenges that limit their stable operation such as the difficulty of out-selection of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, high organic carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, retention of anammox bacteria, and the influence of high concentrations of ammonia and nitrite compounds. For widespread applications of mainstream anammox processes in full-scale reactors in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), efficient strategies are necessary to manage high carbon to nitrogen ratios, improve performance in low-intensity wastewater, and retain anammox bacteria. Key elements in the design, operation, and maintenance of mainstream anammox processes in full-scale WWTPs are also suggested. Overall, this review provides a critical perspective on the challenges and opportunities associated with mainstream anammox processes, which will be of use to researchers and engineers in future.

厌氧铵氧化（厌氧氨）工艺因其比常规生物脱氮工艺更具优势而受到关注。尽管与侧流厌氧氨氧化工艺相关的技术已被用作最新的先进解决方案，但这些工艺在主流废水中的应用仍在研究中。在这里，我们已经全面回顾了主流厌氧氨氧化工艺的挑战和机遇。主流工艺面临各种挑战，这些挑战限制了其稳定运行，例如亚硝酸盐氧化细菌的选型困难，有机碳氮比（C / N）高，厌氧氨氧化菌的保留以及高浓度有机污染物的影响。氨和亚硝酸盐化合物。对于主流厌氧氨氧化工艺在废水处理厂（WWTP）的大型反应器中的广泛应用，必须采取有效的策略来管理高碳氮比，提高低强度废水的性能并保留厌氧氨氧化细菌。还建议了大规模污水处理厂主流厌氧氨氧化工艺的设计，操作和维护中的关键要素。总的来说，这篇综述提供了对与主流厌氧氨氧化工艺相关的挑战和机遇的批判性观点，这将在未来的研究人员和工程师中使用。还建议并维护大规模污水处理厂中的主流​​厌氧氨氧化工艺。总的来说，这篇综述提供了对与主流厌氧氨氧化工艺相关的挑战和机遇的批判性观点，这将在未来的研究人员和工程师中使用。还建议和维护大规模污水处理厂中的主流​​厌氧氨氧化工艺。总的来说，这篇综述提供了对与主流厌氧氨氧化工艺相关的挑战和机遇的批判性观点，这将在未来的研究人员和工程师中使用。