This study examined the perceptions of parental bonding, depressive experiences of self-criticism and dependency, and the current level of depressive symptomology among 212 college students from Sabah, Malaysia. The participants completed the brief version of the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Reconstructed Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, and the Patient Health Questionnaire. The results showed significant direct effects of maternal care, maternal overprotection, paternal care, self-criticism, and dependency on depressive symptomology. In contrast, the indirect effects of self-criticism and dependency on the relationship between parental bonding and depressive symptomology were not significant. These findings were in line with previous studies that have highlighted the significance of parent–child bonding, self-criticism, and dependency in the development of depressive symptomology. However, they contradicted previous results on the significant indirect effects of self-criticism and dependency. This study highlights the importance of parental care and overprotection, as they can predict the manifestation of depressive symptomology at a later stage in life.

中文翻译：

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父母关系、抑郁经历和症状：对马来西亚大学生的调查

这项研究调查了来自马来西亚沙巴的 212 名大学生对父母关系的看法、自我批评和依赖的抑郁经历以及当前的抑郁症状水平。参与者完成了父母关系工具、重建抑郁体验问卷和患者健康问卷的简短版本。结果表明，母亲照顾、母亲过度保护、父亲照顾、自我批评和对抑郁症状的依赖具有显着的直接影响。相比之下，自我批评和依赖对父母纽带与抑郁症状之间关系的间接影响并不显着。这些发现与之前的研究一致，这些研究强调了亲子关系、自我批评、和依赖性在抑郁症状的发展中。然而，他们与先前关于自我批评和依赖的显着间接影响的结果相矛盾。这项研究强调了父母照顾和过度保护的重要性，因为它们可以预测生活后期抑郁症状的表现。