Anthropogenic provisioning of food to wildlife is ubiquitous across the globe. It may be intentional such as in the form of bird feeders or offering of food to animals by tourists, or unintentional when animals use anthropogenic food sources like crops, plantations or garbage dumps. Provisioning has profound effects on wildlife ecology and behaviour, but the consequences of these changes to mutualistic and antagonistic interactions have rarely been investigated. Here we demonstrate how provisioning can affect the role of wildlife as seed dispersers. As provisioning directly influences the amount and quality of resources, it can substantially impact fruit removal by wildlife, seed displacement and the probability of germination at the sites of deposition – more often in ways that are detrimental. In most cases, fruit removal decreases as animals choose to feed more on the abundant and higher-calorie anthropogenic foods. However, for animals whose size and abundance are increased by provisioning, dispersal quantity could be enhanced. Seed dispersal distances are also reduced by provisioning, and seeds are often deposited at sites unsuitable for germination. More studies are required to understand how these broad patterns might vary across different contexts and wildlife species. Provisioning has the potential to greatly modify plant communities through the direct impacts it has on resources and wildlife seed dispersal services.

中文翻译：

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供应对动物介导的种子传播的影响

人为向野生动物提供食物在全球范围内无处不在。它可能是有意的，例如以喂鸟器或游客向动物提供食物的形式，或者当动物使用作物、种植园或垃圾场等人为食物来源时是无意的。供给对野生动物生态和行为有着深远的影响，但这些变化对互惠和对抗相互作用的影响却很少被研究。在这里，我们展示了供应如何影响野生动物作为种子传播者的作用。由于供应直接影响资源的数量和质量，它可以显着影响野生动物对水果的去除、种子置换和沉积地点的发芽概率——更常见的是以有害的方式。大多数情况下，随着动物选择更多地以丰富和高热量的人为食物为食，水果去除率会降低。然而，对于那些通过供应增加了大小和数量的动物来说，传播量可能会增加。供应也减少了种子传播距离，并且种子通常存放在不适合发芽的地方。需要更多的研究来了解这些广泛的模式如何在不同的环境和野生动物物种中发生变化。通过对资源和野生动物种子传播服务的直接影响，供应有可能极大地改变植物群落。供应也减少了种子传播距离，并且种子通常存放在不适合发芽的地方。需要更多的研究来了解这些广泛的模式如何在不同的环境和野生动物物种中发生变化。通过对资源和野生动物种子传播服务的直接影响，供应有可能极大地改变植物群落。供应也减少了种子传播距离，并且种子通常存放在不适合发芽的地方。需要更多的研究来了解这些广泛的模式如何在不同的环境和野生动物物种中发生变化。通过对资源和野生动物种子传播服务的直接影响，供应有可能极大地改变植物群落。