Air pollution is of increasing concern to urban residents and urban planners are struggling to find interventions which tackle the trade-off between environmental, health, and economic impacts arising from this. We analyze within a spatially explicit theoretical residential choice model how different urban interventions can reduce exposure to endogenous traffic-induced air pollution at residential locations. We model a city of fixed population size, where households are averse to localized pollution and examine how a flat commuting tax, an urban growth boundary, a cordon toll, and the optimal distance-based tax compare to an urban scenario without any planner's intervention. We find that an urban intervention to optimally address exposure concerns needs to achieve steep density gradients near the urban fringe and flat gradients near the center. We show the deficiencies of the alternative interventions to achieve optimal population distributions within the city and in a scenario where peoples' aversion to pollution increases. We then discuss these interventions in light of resulting spatial patterns of exposure and spatial equity that is households' assessment of their own exposure to air pollution relative to their responsibility for the exposure of others depending on their spatial location within the city. Our results show that, when equity is also a concern, compensations are needed from households who live in the periphery and our simulations suggest that a cordon toll can then achieve a more balanced outcome.

中文翻译：

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减少污染暴露和改善空间公平的城市干预措施

空气污染越来越受到城市居民的关注，城市规划者正在努力寻找干预措施来解决由此产生的环境、健康和经济影响之间的权衡。我们在空间明确的理论住宅选择模型中分析了不同的城市干预措施如何减少住宅区内源性交通引起的空气污染的暴露。我们模拟了一个人口规模固定的城市，其中家庭厌恶局部污染，并研究了在没有任何规划者干预的情况下，与城市情景相比，统一的通勤税、城市增长边界、警戒线收费和基于距离的最优税。我们发现，要优化解决暴露问题的城市干预措施需要在城市边缘附近实现陡峭的密度梯度，在中心附近实现平坦的梯度。我们展示了在人们对污染的厌恶程度增加的情况下，替代干预措施在实现城市内最佳人口分布方面的不足之处。然后，我们根据由此产生的暴露空间模式和空间公平性来讨论这些干预措施，即家庭根据其在城市中的空间位置，相对于他们对他人暴露的责任，对自己暴露于空气污染的评估。我们的结果表明，当公平也是一个问题时，居住在外围的家庭需要补偿，我们的模拟表明，警戒线收费可以实现更平衡的结果。对污染的厌恶情绪增加。然后，我们根据由此产生的暴露空间模式和空间公平性来讨论这些干预措施，即家庭根据其在城市中的空间位置，相对于他们对他人暴露的责任，对自己暴露于空气污染的评估。我们的结果表明，当公平也是一个问题时，居住在外围的家庭需要补偿，我们的模拟表明，警戒线收费可以实现更平衡的结果。对污染的厌恶情绪增加。然后，我们根据由此产生的暴露空间模式和空间公平性来讨论这些干预措施，即家庭根据其在城市中的空间位置，相对于他们对他人暴露的责任，对自己暴露于空气污染的评估。我们的结果表明，当公平也是一个问题时，居住在外围的家庭需要补偿，我们的模拟表明，警戒线收费可以实现更平衡的结果。