Bias-based aggression at school in the form of homophobic name-calling is quite prevalent among early adolescents. Homophobic name-calling is associated with low academic performance, higher risky sexual behaviors, and substance abuse, among other adverse outcomes. This longitudinal study examined risk and protective factors across multiple domains of the social ecology (individual, peer, family, school and community) and levels of analysis (within- and between-person) associated with homophobic name-calling perpetration and victimization. Students from four middle schools in the U.S. Midwest (N = 1,655; $\overline{X}$ age = 12.75; range = 10–16 years) were surveyed four times (Spring/Fall 2008, Spring/Fall 2009). For homophobic name-calling perpetration, significant risk factors included impulsivity, social dominance, traditional masculinity, family violence, and neighborhood violence; while empathy, peer support, school belonging, and adult support were significant protective factors. For homophobic name-calling victimization, significant risk factors included empathy (between-person), impulsivity, traditional masculinity, family violence, and neighborhood violence, while empathy (within-person), parental monitoring, peer support, school belonging, and adult support were significant protective factors.

在学校以恐同辱骂形式的基于偏见的攻击在早期青少年中非常普遍。恐同辱骂与学习成绩低下、高风险性行为和药物滥用等不良后果有关。这项纵向研究检查了与恐同辱骂犯罪和受害相关的社会生态学（个人、同伴、家庭、学校和社区）的多个领域（个人、同伴、家庭、学校和社区）以及分析水平（个人内部和个人之间）的风险和保护因素。来自美国中西部四所中学的学生（N = 1,655；$\overline{X}$年龄 = 12.75；范围 = 10-16 岁）进行了四次调查（2008 年春季/秋季，2009 年春季/秋季）。对于恐同辱骂行为，重要的风险因素包括冲动、社会支配地位、传统男子气概、家庭暴力和邻里暴力；而同理心、同伴支持、学校归属感和成人支持是重要的保护因素。对于恐同辱骂受害，重要的风险因素包括移情（人与人之间）、冲动、传统男子气概、家庭暴力和邻里暴力，而移情（人内）、父母监督、同伴支持、学校归属感和成人支持是重要的保护因素。