Purpose

This study aims to clarify the labor market participation of highly educated Turks who moved or were exiled to the Western countries after the July 15th, 2016 Coup attempt in Turkey. These recent Turkish flows create a compelling case for researching higher education connections and the administration of justice in migration policies/practices related to highly educated people's job market participation. This study aims to expand the discussion on migration policies, practices, job market participation, how highly skilled migrants perceive them in various contexts and understand the complexity of highly educated migrants' incorporation into destination countries and their perspectives and lived experiences with policy practice.

Design/methodology/approach

The primary source of the data is the semi-structured 30 interviews with the highly educated Turkish immigrants and refugees in Western countries, which enables comparative data from individuals of the same origin. The qualitative data have been transcribed, coded and analyzed according to the grounded-theory design from this vulnerable community. The high education was determined as graduation from 4-years colleges, which was recognized by destination countries. Our methodological tools were driven by the obstacles to collect data from politically sensitive, forced, or exiled migrants.

Findings

First, this article challenges the assumption that incorporating job market participation is a smooth process for highly educated migrants who moved to Western countries. Second, highly educated immigrants tried to reach their previous statuses and life standards as fast as possible by working hard, making sacrifices and developing innovative strategies. The immigrants in Europe have faced greater obstacles with policies while participating in the job market. Third, the importance of networking and the active usage of social media platforms to communicate with other immigrants in similar situations facilitated the job market participation and job preferences of highly educated migrants. Fourth, while fast job market participation experiences of immigrants in Northern America were increasing their positive feelings regarding belonging, people who have similar skillsets in Europe experienced more problems in this process and felt alone.

Research limitations/implications

The research results may lack generalizability due to the selected research approach. Further studies are encouraged to reach more population for each country to compare them.

Practical implications

Consequently, higher education may be a more vital decision point in migration policies and practices. This study contributes to a better understanding of these factors by showing the perspectives and experiences of highly educated migrants comparatively. Thus, it broadens the discussion about migration policies and job market participation of highly educated migrants.

Social implications

Building on this work, the authors suggest more studies on the temporary deskilling of highly educated migrants until they reach re-credentialing/education or training to gain their former status.

Originality/value

First, while most studies on immigrants' labor market participation and highly educated immigrants focus on voluntary migrants, this study examines underrepresented groups of involuntary migrants, namely forced migrants and exiled people, by focusing on non-Western Muslim highly educated Turks. Second, the trouble in the Middle East continues and regimes change softly or harshly. There is a growing tendency to examine these topics from the immigrants' perspective, especially from these war-torn areas. This article adds to this discussion by stating that rather than forced migration due to armed conflict, the immigrants from Turkey – the non-Arab Muslim state of the Middle East – are related to political conditions. Lastly, drawing on the relationship between social change in the origin country and migration and addressing the lack of reliable and comparative data, this study focuses on same origin immigrants comparatively in eight different countries.

中文翻译：

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就业市场参与中的移民政策和实践：美国、加拿大和欧洲受过高等教育的土耳其人的观点

目的

本研究旨在阐明在 2016 年 7 月 15 日土耳其未遂政变后移居或流放到西方国家的受过高等教育的土耳其人的劳动力市场参与情况。土耳其最近的这些流动为研究高等教育联系和司法行政在与受过高等教育的人的就业市场参与相关的移民政策/实践中创造了一个令人信服的案例。本研究旨在扩大关于移民政策、实践、就业市场参与、高技能移民如何在不同背景下看待他们的讨论，并了解受过高等教育的移民融入目的地国的复杂性，以及他们对政策实践的看法和生活经验。

设计/方法/方法

数据的主要来源是对西方国家受过高等教育的土耳其移民和难民的 30 次半结构化访谈，这使得来自同一来源的个人的比较数据成为可能。定性数据已根据这个脆弱社区的扎根理论设计进行转录、编码和分析。高等教育被确定为四年制大学毕业，并得到目的地国家的认可。我们的方法工具是由从政治敏感、被迫或流放的移民那里收集数据的障碍驱动的。

发现

首先，本文对这样一种假设提出了挑战，即参与就业市场对于移居西方国家的受过高等教育的移民来说是一个平稳的过程。其次，受过高等教育的移民通过努力工作、做出牺牲和制定创新策略，试图尽快达到以前的地位和生活水平。欧洲的移民在参与就业市场时面临着更大的政策障碍。第三，网络的重要性以及积极使用社交媒体平台与处于类似情况的其他移民交流，促进了受过高等教育的移民的就业市场参与和工作偏好。第四，虽然北美移民的快速就业市场参与经验增加了他们对归属感的积极感受，

研究限制/影响

由于选择的研究方法，研究结果可能缺乏普遍性。鼓励进一步研究以达到每个国家/地区的更多人口以进行比较。

实际影响

因此，高等教育可能是移民政策和实践中更重要的决策点。本研究通过比较展示受过高等教育的移民的观点和经历，有助于更好地理解这些因素。因此，它拓宽了关于受过高等教育的移民政策和就业市场参与的讨论。

社会影响

在这项工作的基础上，作者建议对受过高等教育的移民进行临时技能培训，直到他们获得重新认证/教育或培训以获得以前的身份。

原创性/价值

首先，虽然大多数关于移民劳动力市场参与和受过高等教育的移民的研究都集中在自愿移民上，但本研究通过关注非西方穆斯林受过高等教育的土耳其人，考察了代表性不足的非自愿移民群体，即被迫移民和流亡者。二是中东乱局持续，政权更替软硬。越来越倾向于从移民的角度审视这些话题，特别是从这些饱受战争蹂躏的地区。本文补充了这一讨论，指出来自土耳其（中东非阿拉伯穆斯林国家）的移民与政治条件有关，而不是由于武装冲突而被迫迁移。最后，