In the recent years, issues related to drug-resistant bacteria have evolved worldwide, and various countermeasures have been taken to control their spread. Among a wide variety of drug-resistant bacterial species, carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAb), are those for which countermeasures are particularly important. Carbapenems are the last resort antibiotics for any bacterial infection; therefore, infectious diseases caused by these drug-resistant bacteria are difficult to treat. In the case of CRE, since carbapenemases responsible for carbapenem resistance are mostly encoded on transmissible plasmids, it is known that susceptible bacteria can easily become carbapenem-resistant by transfer of plasmids between Enterobacteriaceae. In addition, Enterobacteriaceae are common bacterial species found in the guts of animals, including humans. Acinetobacter is ubiquitously isolated in the environment. Due to these characteristics, it is quite difficult to prevent the intrusion of multi-drug resistant pathogens in hospitals. Therefore, effective countermeasures should be developed and utilized against such dangerous pathogens based on molecular epidemiological analyses. In this review, there are also some examples presented on how to manage to monitor and control those troublesome drug-resistant bacteria conducted in Japan and Southeast Asia.

中文翻译：

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日本和东南亚耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌和不动杆菌现状

近年来，耐药菌相关问题在世界范围内不断演变，并采取了各种对策来控制其传播。在多种耐药菌种中，耐碳青霉烯的革兰氏阴性菌，包括耐碳青霉烯的肠杆菌科（CRE）和耐碳青霉烯的鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAb)，是那些特别重要的对策。碳青霉烯类抗生素是治疗任何细菌感染的最后手段。因此，由这些耐药菌引起的传染病很难治疗。在 CRE 的情况下，由于负责碳青霉烯耐药性的碳青霉烯酶大多编码在可传播的质粒上，因此已知易感细菌很容易通过在肠杆菌科之间转移质粒而变得对碳青霉烯耐药。此外，肠杆菌科是在包括人类在内的动物肠道中发现的常见细菌种类。不动杆菌属在环境中无处不在。由于这些特点，在医院中阻止多重耐药病原体的入侵是相当困难的。因此，应基于分子流行病学分析针对此类危险病原体制定和利用有效的对策。在这篇综述中，还有一些关于如何管理监测和控制在日本和东南亚进行的棘手的耐药细菌的例子。