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Interpreting Diachronic Size Variation in Prehistoric Central Asian Cereal Grains
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-18 , DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.633634
Giedre Motuzaite Matuzeviciute , Basira Mir-Makhamad , Robert N. Spengler

The morphology of ancient cereal grains in Central Asia has been heavily discussed as an indicator of specific genetic variants, which are often linked to cultural factors or distinct routes of dispersal. In this paper, we present the largest currently existing database of barley (n=631) and wheat (n=349) measurements from Central Asia, obtained from two different periods at the same Chap site (ca. 3500 to 1000 BC), located in the Tien Shan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan at 2,000 masl. The site is situated at the highest elevation ecocline for successful cereal cultivation and is, therefore, highly susceptible to minor climatic fluctuations that could force gradients up or down in the foothills. We contrast the Chap data with measurements from other 2nd and 1st millennia BC sites in the region. An evident increase in average size over time is likely due to the evolution of larger grains, or the introduction of larger variants from elsewhere. Additionally, site- or region-specific variation is noted, and we discuss potential influences for the formation of genetic varieties, including possible pleiotropic linkages and/or developmental responses to external factors, such as environmental fluctuations, climate, irrigation inputs, soil nutrients, pathologies, and seasonality. External factors acting on developmental or acclamatory responses in plants can be either natural or cultural. We argue that the study of long-term changes in grain morphology on the edges of crop growing ranges can be informative regarding cultural and environmental constraints in the past.

中文翻译:

解释史前中亚谷物的历时大小变化

中亚古代谷物的形态已被广泛讨论,以作为特定遗传变异的指标,这些遗传变异通常与文化因素或独特的传播途径有关。在本文中,我们介绍了目前最大的中亚大麦(n = 631)和小麦(n = 349)测量数据库,该数据库是从位于同一Chap站点(约3500至1000 BC)的两个不同时期获得的位于吉尔吉斯斯坦的天山山脉,海拔2,000马什拉。该地点位于成功种植谷物的海拔高的ecocline上,因此极易受到轻微的气候波动的影响,这可能会迫使山麓地区的坡度上升或下降。我们将Chap数据与该地区其他第二个和第一个千禧年BC站点的测量结果进行了对比。随着时间的推移,平均尺寸的明显增加很可能是由于较大晶粒的演化,或者是从其他地方引入了较大的变体。此外,还应注意特定地点或区域的变异,我们讨论了遗传变异形成的潜在影响,包括可能的多效性联系和/或对外部因素(例如环境波动,气候,灌溉输入,土壤养分,病理和季节性。影响植物发育或环境适应性反应的外部因素可以是自然的也可以是文化的。我们认为,对作物生长范围边缘的谷物形态长期变化的研究可以提供有关过去文化和环境限制的信息。或从其他地方引入更大的变体。此外,还应注意特定地点或区域的变异,我们讨论了遗传变异形成的潜在影响,包括可能的多效性联系和/或对外部因素(例如环境波动,气候,灌溉输入,土壤养分,病理和季节性。影响植物发育或环境适应性反应的外部因素可以是自然的也可以是文化的。我们认为,对作物生长范围边缘的谷物形态长期变化的研究可以提供有关过去文化和环境限制的信息。或从其他地方引入更大的变体。此外,还应注意特定地点或区域的变异,我们讨论了遗传变异形成的潜在影响,包括可能的多效性联系和/或对外部因素(例如环境波动,气候,灌溉输入,土壤养分,病理和季节性。影响植物发育或环境适应性反应的外部因素可以是自然的也可以是文化的。我们认为,对作物生长范围边缘的谷物形态长期变化的研究可以提供有关过去文化和环境限制的信息。包括可能的多效性联系和/或对外部因素(例如环境波动,气候,灌溉投入,土壤养分,病理和季节性)的发育响应。影响植物发育或环境适应性反应的外部因素可以是自然的也可以是文化的。我们认为,对作物生长范围边缘的谷物形态长期变化的研究可以提供有关过去文化和环境限制的信息。包括可能的多效性联系和/或对外部因素(例如环境波动,气候,灌溉投入,土壤养分,病理和季节性)的发育响应。影响植物发育或环境适应性反应的外部因素可以是自然的也可以是文化的。我们认为,对作物生长范围边缘的谷物形态长期变化的研究可以提供有关过去文化和环境限制的信息。
更新日期:2021-04-29
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