Carotenoids are important phytochemicals contributing nutritional health benefits in the human diet, with a significant contribution from cereals as one of the major food component around the world. Different methods have been described and adopted for the extraction and isolation of carotenoid compounds. Saponification can be seen as an option for carotenoid extraction from cereals as it converts retinol esters to retinol and removes other abundant compounds such as triglycerides. Extraction of carotenoids content of locally adapted and organic cereals have been limitedly investigated and was, therefore, evaluated in the present study, with a specific aim to understand genotypic and local cultivation effects and interactions. Therefore, 17 diverse cereal genotypes of local origin were grown organically in four localities and evaluated for carotenoid content and composition by HPLC. The results showed a large variation in content and composition of carotenoids in locally adapted and organically grown cereal genotypes, with lutein as the dominating type in wheat and rye, while zeaxanthin was the dominating type in barley. High-level genotypes showed values (9.9 mg/kg of total carotenoids) similar to the highest values previously reported in specific types of wheat. The barley genotypes showed relatively high stability in carotenoids content within and between cultivation locations, while large interactions were found with the cultivation location for the rest of the genotypes, indicating their local adaptation. The local adaptation of the cereal genotypes evaluated contributes large opportunities for local production of high value, highly nutritious food products, while the direct value of these genotypes for conventional plant breeding for varieties performing similar over broad environmental ranges, are more limited.

中文翻译：

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皂化法从本地和有机谷物中提取类胡萝卜素

类胡萝卜素是重要的植物化学物质，可在人类饮食中提供营养健康益处，其中谷物作为世界主要食品成分之一，具有重要意义。已经描述并采用了不同的方法来提取和分离类胡萝卜素化合物。皂化可以看作是从谷物中提取类胡萝卜素的一种选择，因为它可以将视黄醇酯转化为视黄醇，并可以去除其他丰富的化合物，例如甘油三酸酯。局部适应性有机谷物中类胡萝卜素含量的提取已经进行了有限的研究，因此在本研究中进行了评估，其特定目的是了解基因型和本地栽培的影响及相互作用。所以，在四个地方有机种植了17种本地起源的谷物基因型，并通过HPLC评估了类胡萝卜素的含量和组成。结果表明，在局部适应和有机种植的谷物基因型中，类胡萝卜素的含量和组成存在很大差异，其中叶黄素是小麦和黑麦的主要类型，而玉米黄质是大麦的主要类型。高水平基因型显示的值（9.9 mg / kg总类胡萝卜素）与先前在特定类型的小麦中报道的最高值相似。大麦基因型在栽培地点内和栽培地点之间的类胡萝卜素含量显示出相对较高的稳定性，而其余基因型与栽培地点之间存在较大的相互作用，表明它们的局部适应性。