Many models have been developed in recent years to describe pedestrian group behavior. Most prior research on group behavior focuses mainly on small groups and does not provide a general approach for grouping pedestrians with respect to different group sizes. They also analyze pedestrian group dynamics in normal circumstances. However, people's reactions who are aware of an emergency are not the same as how they respond to normal or usual situations. The central focus of this paper is to study pedestrian group behavior during evacuation. To accomplish these objectives, a new model is proposed with some extensions of a social force model in its emergency context. The new extensions are intended to simulate the single leader-centered and group-centered crowd behavior in emergencies. Besides small pedestrian groups, larger ones are also considered, and extensions are added in this direction. The model is calibrated using the results of an existing experimental study. Then, the model is verified by testing for the occurrence of certain emergent patterns. The results indicate that the proposed model can capture these trends. Additionally, the model is validated by comparing the simulation results with experimental results available in the literature. Also, several different evacuation scenarios are used to evaluate the proposed model. The simulation results show that leader-centered behavior performs better than group-centered behavior with respect to the evacuation time for small groups. The number of leaders also affects the evacuation time. Moreover, an increase in the number of leaders positively influences the effect of the width of the door on evacuation time, but the size of this effect depends on the number of leaders. Finally, group-centered behavior results in less evacuation time than leader-centered behavior in the presence of multiple exits, and leader-centered (also called single leader-centered in this study) behavior causes a more unbalanced use of the exits than group-centered behavior.

中文翻译：

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人群疏散中的行人群体行为建模

近年来已经开发了许多模型来描述行人群体的行为。大多数先前关于群体行为的研究主要集中在小群体上，并没有提供针对不同群体规模对行人进行分组的一般方法。他们还分析了正常情况下的行人群体动态。然而，人们意识到紧急情况的反应与他们对正常或通常情况的反应不同。本文的中心焦点是研究疏散过程中的行人群体行为。为了实现这些目标，提出了一种新模型，其中对紧急情况下的社会力量模型进行了一些扩展。新的扩展旨在模拟紧急情况下以单一领导者为中心和以群体为中心的人群行为。除了小型步行团体，更大的也被考虑在内，并且在这个方向上添加了扩展。该模型使用现有实验研究的结果进行校准。然后，通过测试某些紧急模式的出现来验证模型。结果表明，所提出的模型可以捕捉到这些趋势。此外，通过将模拟结果与文献中可用的实验结果进行比较来验证模型。此外，还使用了几种不同的疏散场景来评估所提出的模型。仿真结果表明，在小团体的疏散时间方面，以领导为中心的行为比以群体为中心的行为表现更好。领导人数也影响疏散时间。而且，领导人数的增加正向影响门的宽度对疏散时间的影响，但这种影响的大小取决于领导人数。最后，在存在多个出口的情况下，以群体为中心的行为比以领导者为中心的行为导致疏散时间更少，而以领导者为中心（在本研究中也称为以单一领导者为中心）的行为导致对出口的使用比群体更不平衡。居中的行为。