Interactions with microbial symbionts have yielded great macroevolutionary innovations across the tree of life, like the origins of chloroplasts and the mitochondrial powerhouses of eukaryotic cells. There is also increasing evidence that host-associated microbiomes influence patterns of microevolutionary adaptation in plants and animals. Here we describe how microbes can facilitate adaptation in plants and how to test for and differentiate between the two main mechanisms by which microbes can produce adaptive responses in higher organisms: microbe-mediated local adaptation and microbe-mediated adaptive plasticity. Microbe-mediated local adaptation is when local plant genotypes have higher fitness than foreign genotypes because of a genotype-specific affiliation with locally beneficial microbes. Microbe-mediated adaptive plasticity occurs when local plant phenotypes, elicited by either the microbial community or the non-microbial environment, have higher fitness than foreign phenotypes as a result of interactions with locally beneficial microbes. These microbial effects on adaptation can be difficult to differentiate from traditional modes of adaptation but may be prevalent. Ignoring microbial effects may lead to erroneous conclusions about the traits and mechanisms underlying adaptation, hindering management decisions in conservation, restoration, and agriculture.

中文翻译：

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微生物介导的植物适应

与微生物共生体的相互作用在整个生命之树中产生了巨大的宏观进化创新，例如叶绿体的起源和真核细胞的线粒体动力源。还有越来越多的证据表明，宿主相关的微生物组会影响植物和动物的微进化适应模式。在这里，我们描述了微生物如何促进植物的适应，以及如何测试和区分微生物在高等生物中产生适应性反应的两种主要机制：微生物介导的局部适应和微生物介导的适应性可塑性。微生物介导的局部适应是当当地植物基因型比外来基因型具有更高的适应性时，因为与当地有益微生物的基因型特异性从属关系。当由微生物群落或非微生物环境引起的本地植物表型由于与本地有益微生物相互作用而具有比外来表型更高的适应性时，就会发生微生物介导的适应性可塑性。这些微生物对适应的影响可能很难与传统的适应模式区分开来，但可能很普遍。忽视微生物效应可能会导致关于适应的特征和机制的错误结论，从而阻碍保护、恢复和农业方面的管理决策。这些微生物对适应的影响可能很难与传统的适应模式区分开来，但可能很普遍。忽视微生物效应可能会导致关于适应的特征和机制的错误结论，从而阻碍保护、恢复和农业方面的管理决策。这些微生物对适应的影响可能很难与传统的适应模式区分开来，但可能很普遍。忽视微生物效应可能会导致关于适应的特征和机制的错误结论，从而阻碍保护、恢复和农业方面的管理决策。