Attempts in Canada to include citizens in decision-making around extractive processes have been tokenistic at best and generally fail to meaningfully include the voices, opinions, and rights of people on whose land a given project is being planned. Therefore, informal avenues for influencing decision-making are being taken by communities, often Indigenous communities and often in the form of resistance. In this article we argue that resistance, in the form of blockades, occupations and other strategies are powerfully shaping outcomes in Canada, and indeed constitute a form of governance in and of themselves, helping drive the urgently needed transformative change that formal governance systems continue to fail to bring about. Our argument is based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of 57 cases of environmental conflict in Canada, accessed through the Global Environmental Justice Atlas. These cases provide concrete examples of this bottom-up, land-based governance through resistance led by communities on the front lines of extractivism. These diverse and inspiring cases ground our theorizing and raise important insights and lessons for understanding resistance as transformative governance.

加拿大试图让公民参与关于采掘过程的决策充其量只是象征性的，并且通常无法有意义地包括正在规划特定项目的土地上的人们的声音、意见和权利。因此，社区（通常是土著社区）正在采取影响决策的非正式途径，而且往往以抵抗的形式。在本文中，我们认为以封锁、占领和其他策略形式的抵抗正在有力地塑造加拿大的结果，并且实际上本身就构成了一种治理形式，有助于推动正式治理体系继续推动的迫切需要的变革性变革。未能带来。我们的论点是基于对加拿大 57 起环境冲突案例的定量和定性分析，通过全球环境正义地图集访问。这些案例提供了这种自下而上、以土地为基础的治理的具体例子，这种治理是通过在采掘主义前线由社区领导的抵抗来实现的。这些多样化和鼓舞人心的案例为我们的理论奠定了基础，并为将阻力理解为变革性治理提出了重要的见解和教训。