The Psylloidea (Hemiptera) comprise ~4,000 species of small sap-feeding insects known as psyllids or jumping plant-lice. We summarize species composition of the nonnative psyllid fauna in North America and review detection records, current distributions, host use, life histories, and geographical sources. Forty-six species are considered to be nonnative accounting for ~10% of the known North American psyllid fauna. The family Psyllidae is overrepresented in the pool of exotics (52% of exotic species) relative to global psyllid diversity, whereas Triozidae (at 11% of exotic species) is underrepresented. Records of initial detection range from the 1832 detection of a European pear psyllid to the 2016 detection of a Ficus specialist from Asia. Many species exhibit discontinuous distributions in North America presumably caused by multiple introductions or by secondary spread of established populations. Host plants of nonnative species are almost exclusively trees and shrubs. The factor most correlated with introduction is presence of hosts from the psyllid’s native region. Virtually all host plants in North America have been imported intentionally for human-related use, with initial importation beginning in the 1500s and 1600s. Arrival of host plants in North America often preceded psyllid detection or arrival by decades or centuries. There has been almost no spillover by psyllids onto native plant species reflecting the narrow host range of Psylloidea. A glaring exception is the recent damaging colonization of a native Fraxinus closely related to the psyllid’s European Fraxinus host. Biological and geographical traits correlated with arrival and establishment of nonnative psyllids have shifted through time. Temperate Europe was the source of the earliest arriving species, with initial detection records primarily in New England and eastern Canada. In contrast, recent arrivals are mostly Myrtaceae- and Fabaceae-feeding species from the Neotropics or Australia, with detection records limited mostly to Florida or California. Early-arriving, temperate zone species exhibit a formal winter diapause while recent arrivals from the Neotropics and Australia appear to reproduce more-or-less continuously.

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外来木虱和外来宿主：北美非本地木虱的积累（半翅目）

木虱科（半翅目）包括约 4,000 种以汁液为食的小型昆虫，称为木虱或跳草虱。我们总结了北美非本地木虱动物群的物种组成，并回顾了检测记录、当前分布、宿主使用、生活史和地理来源。46 个物种被认为是非本地物种，约占已知北美木虱动物群的 10%。相对于全球木虱多样性，木虱科在外来物种（外来物种的 52%）中的比例过高，而 Triozidae（在外来物种的 11%）中的代表性不足。最初检测的记录范围从 1832 年检测到欧洲梨木虱到 2016 年检测到亚洲榕专家。许多物种在北美表现出不连续分布，这可能是由多次引入或已建立种群的二次传播引起的。非本地物种的寄主植物几乎完全是乔木和灌木。与引入最相关的因素是来自木虱原生地区的宿主的存在。几乎所有北美的寄主植物都是有意进口的，用于与人类相关的用途，最初的进口始于 1500 年代和 1600 年代。寄主植物到达北美通常比木虱检测或到达早几十年或几个世纪。木虱几乎没有溢出到本地植物物种上，这反映了木虱的宿主范围狭窄。一个明显的例外是最近与木虱的欧洲水曲霉宿主密切相关的本土水曲柳的破坏性殖民化。与非本地木虱的到达和建立相关的生物学和地理特征随着时间的推移发生了变化。温带欧洲是最早到达物种的来源，最初的检测记录主要在新英格兰和加拿大东部。相比之下，最近到达的主要是来自新热带地区或澳大利亚的以桃金娘科和豆科植物为食的物种，检测记录主要限于佛罗里达州或加利福尼亚州。早期到达的温带物种表现出正式的冬季滞育，而最近来自新热带和澳大利亚的物种似乎或多或少地连续繁殖。最初的检测记录主要在新英格兰和加拿大东部。相比之下，最近到达的主要是来自新热带地区或澳大利亚的以桃金娘科和豆科植物为食的物种，检测记录主要限于佛罗里达州或加利福尼亚州。早期到达的温带物种表现出正式的冬季滞育，而最近来自新热带和澳大利亚的物种似乎或多或少地连续繁殖。最初的检测记录主要在新英格兰和加拿大东部。相比之下，最近到达的主要是来自新热带地区或澳大利亚的以桃金娘科和豆科植物为食的物种，检测记录主要限于佛罗里达州或加利福尼亚州。早期到达的温带物种表现出正式的冬季滞育，而最近来自新热带和澳大利亚的物种似乎或多或少地连续繁殖。