Abstract

One of the ways in which towns and cities in pre-industrial Europe responded to food crises was by establishing public grain stocks, intended for relief. This article shows how purchases and distribution of grain in Holland were affected by the long-term developments of commercialization and state formation. Two conclusions stand out. Firstly, both the acquisition of supplies and the distribution of relief relied heavily on the market. However, while market mechanisms were originally used to provide targeted relief through subsidies, at the end of the period under examination this was supplanted by a — largely unjustified — trust in the effects of the presence and release of stocks on food prices in general. Secondly, in keeping with a long-standing tradition of decentralized governance, urban governments and urban poor relief organizations were the main providers of the safety net that protected the food entitlements of vulnerable groups throughout the period under examination, even after the establishment of a centralized unitary state in the early nineteenth century.

中文翻译：

---

应对粮食危机：工业化前荷兰的城市救济存货*

摘要

工业化前欧洲的城镇应对粮食危机的方式之一是建立旨在救济的公共粮食储备。本文显示了荷兰的谷物购买和分配如何受到商业化和国家组建的长期发展的影响。有两个结论很突出。首先，物资的获取和救济的分发都严重依赖市场。但是，尽管市场机制最初是通过补贴提供有针对性的救济，但在本报告所述期间结束时，人们对存货的存在和释放对粮食价格的总体影响产生了信任-基本上是没有道理的-取代了这种信任。其次，根据权力下放的长期传统，