Objective

This study investigates the impact of silent and alerted failures on driver performance across two levels of scenario criticality during automated vehicle transitions of control.

Background

Recent analyses of automated vehicle crashes show that many crashes occur after a transition of control or a silent automation failure. A substantial amount of research has been dedicated to investigating the impact of various factors on drivers’ responses, but silent failures and their interactions with scenario criticality are understudied.

Method

A driving simulator study was conducted comparing scenario criticality, alert presence, and two driving scenarios. Bayesian regression models and Fisher’s exact tests were used to investigate the impact of alert and scenario criticality on takeover performance.

Results

The results show that silent failures increase takeover times and the intensity of posttakeover maximum accelerations and decrease the posttakeover minimum time-to-collision. While the predicted average impact of silent failures on takeover time was practically low, the effects on minimum time-to-collision and maximum accelerations were safety-significant. The analysis of posttakeover control interaction effects shows that the effect of alert presence differs by the scenario criticality

Conclusion

Although the impact of the absence of an alert on takeover performance was less than that of scenario criticality, silent failures seem to play a substantial role—by leading to an unsafe maneuver—in critical automated vehicle takeovers.

Application

Understanding the implications of silent failure on driver’s takeover performance can benefit the assessment of automated vehicles’ safety and provide guidance for fail-safe system designs.

中文翻译：

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警报存在和场景关键性对自动车辆接管性能影响的贝叶斯回归分析

客观的

本研究调查了在自动车辆控制转换期间，无声故障和警报故障对驾驶员表现的影响，跨越两个级别的场景关键性。

背景

最近对自动车辆碰撞的分析表明，许多碰撞发生在控制权转移或无声的自动化故障之后。大量研究致力于调查各种因素对驾驶员反应的影响，但未充分研究无声故障及其与场景关键性的相互作用。

方法

进行了驾驶模拟器研究，比较了场景的关键性、警报存在和两种驾驶场景。贝叶斯回归模型和 Fisher 精确检验用于调查警报和场景关键性对接管性能的影响。

结果

结果表明，静默故障会增加接管时间和接管后最大加速度的强度，并减少接管后最短碰撞时间。虽然静默故障对接管时间的预测平均影响实际上很低，但对最短碰撞时间和最大加速度的影响对安全具有重要意义。接管后控制交互效果分析表明，警报存在的效果因场景关键性而异

结论

尽管没有警报对接管性能的影响小于场景临界性，但无声故障似乎在关键的自动车辆接管中发挥了重要作用——通过导致不安全的操作。

应用

了解无声故障对驾驶员接管性能的影响有助于评估自动驾驶汽车的安全性，并为故障安全系统设计提供指导。