Essential oil of Rosa × damascena Herrm. is one of the most valuable and important raw materials for the flavor and fragrance industry. The cultivation of this plant has ancient origins, and Kashan was one of the first mountainous regions of Iran dealing with the cultivation of R. × damascena. In this study, both chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of different rose essential oils obtained from five mountainous areas of Kashan region (Maragh, Qamsar, Sadeh, Javinan, and Kamoo) has been investigated along with the influence of the environmental conditions on these properties. Results showed that yield and chemical composition of essential oils obtained from Rosa × damascena were significantly affected by the collection area. In particular, the yield of oils varied from ~0.08 to ~0.132% and citronellol (36.70-9.18%), geraniol (12.82-0.47%), nonadecane (22.73-10.36%), heneicosane (31.7-11.43%), and 1-nonadecene (6.03-3.93%) have been detected as main compounds in all the plants collected, but at different concentrations depending on the collection area. The best fragrance and the highest yield were found in the oil from Kamoo area. Similarly to the chemical composition, the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was affected by their origin, and essential oil obtained from plants collected from Kamoo area disclosed the highest antibacterial and antifungal efficacy. Its inhibition halos were 17.33±0.58 mm against Aspergillus brasiliensis, 15.67±0.58 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, and 12.33±0. 58 mm against Streptococcus pyogenes. Essential oils of R. damascena were also effective against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and they had a MIC value of 62.50 μg/mL irrespective of the collection area (except the oil from Javinan area). On the contrary, the highest antifungal power against Candida albicans yeast was reached using the essential oil obtained from plants collected in Javinan region (MIC and MBC ~62.50 μg/mL). Overall results underline the influence of environmental conditions of the different areas of Kashan region, on the chemical composition of and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Rosa × damascena. In addition, results disclosed that Kamoo seemed to be the most suitable area for the competitive cultivation of R. × damascena to the intensive production of aromatic flower oil and natural antimicrobial essential oils.

中文翻译：

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Rosa  ×  damascena Herrm精油化学成分的变化和抗菌活性。来自伊朗山区

Rosa×damascena Herrm的精油。是香精香料行业中最有价值和最重要的原料之一。这种植物的栽培有悠久的历史，喀山是伊朗最早的栽培大马士革（R.×damascena）的山区之一。在这项研究中，研究了从喀山地区五个山区（马拉，加姆萨尔，萨德赫，贾维南和卡穆）获得的不同玫瑰精油的化学成分和抑菌活性，以及​​环境条件对这些性质的影响。结果表明，从Rosa×damascena获得的精油的收率和化学组成受收集面积的影响很大。特别是，油的收率从〜0.08％到〜0.132％不等，香茅醇（36.70-9.18％），香叶醇（12.82-0）不等。在所有收集到的植物中都检出了47％），十九烷（22.73-10.36％），庚烷（31.7-11.43％）和1-壬二烯（6.03-3.93％）作为主要化合物，但根据收集的浓度不同区域。在来自Kamoo地区的油中发现了最好的香气和最高的产量。与化学成分相似，香精油的抗菌活性也受其来源的影响，从Kamoo地区收集的植物中获得的香精油具有最高的抗菌和抗真菌功效。其对巴西曲霉的抑制光晕为17.33±0.58mm，对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制光晕为15.67±0.58mm，和12.33±0。抗化脓性链球菌58毫米。大马士革玫瑰精油对革兰氏阴性铜绿假单胞菌也有效，其MIC值为62。不论收集区域如何，均为50μg/ mL（Javinan地区的油除外）。相反，使用从贾维南地区（MIC和MBC〜62.50μg/ mL）中收集的植物获得的精油，可获得最高的抗白色念珠菌酵母菌的抗真菌能力。总体结果强调了喀山地区不同地区的环境条件对罗莎×大马士革香精油化学成分和抗菌活性的影响。此外，研究结果表明，Kamoo似乎是大马士革竞争竞争种植以密集生产芳香花卉油和天然抗菌精油的最合适领域。使用从贾维南地区（MIC和MBC〜62.50μg/ mL）中收集的植物获得的精油，可获得最高的抗白色念珠菌酵母菌的抗真菌能力。总体结果强调了喀山地区不同地区的环境条件对罗莎×大马士革香精油化学成分和抗菌活性的影响。此外，研究结果表明，Kamoo似乎是大马士革竞争竞争种植以密集生产芳香花卉油和天然抗菌精油的最合适领域。使用从贾维南地区（MIC和MBC〜62.50μg/ mL）中收集的植物获得的精油，可获得最高的抗白色念珠菌酵母菌的抗真菌能力。总体结果强调了喀山地区不同地区的环境条件对蔷薇×大马士革香精油化学成分和抗菌活性的影响。此外，研究结果表明，Kamoo似乎是大马士革竞争竞争种植以密集生产芳香花卉油和天然抗菌精油的最合适领域。罗莎×大马士革精油的化学成分和抑菌活性研究 此外，研究结果表明，Kamoo似乎是大马士革竞争竞争种植以密集生产芳香花卉油和天然抗菌精油的最合适领域。罗莎×大马士革精油的化学成分和抑菌活性研究 此外，研究结果表明，Kamoo似乎是大马士革竞争竞争种植以密集生产芳香花卉油和天然抗菌精油的最合适领域。