Philophthalmus is a genus of globally distributed parasitic eye flukes with some members of the genus found in disparate locales. In particular, Philophthalmus gralli, a zoonotic trematode, appears to be a relatively new introduction to the Americas, facilitated by spillover from the invasive snails Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) and Tarebia granifera (quilted melania), which were introduced via the aquarium trade, and perhaps furthered by avian dispersal. Given that two known intermediate hosts of Philophthalmus flukes are actively expanding their range as a result of human activities, we hypothesize that this spread is also associated with the spread of Philophthalmus flukes. To address this, we systematically reviewed the literature and examined whether the global expansion of P. gralli flukes is associated with the spread of invasive snails M. tuberculata and T. granifera. Here, we show that (1) specimens of P. gralli are only found in intermediate snail hosts M. tuberculata or T. granifera, suggesting intermediate host specificity for these 2 species, and (2) specimens of P. gralli have rarely been found outside the ranges (native and introduced) of M. tuberculata or T. granifera. Given the importance of distribution information of parasites in the role of identifying parasite invasions, we also review the known distribution of all Philophthalmus species. Considering recent outbreaks in humans and wild and domestic animal species, the continued spread of Philophthalmus presents a potential threat to veterinary and public health and conservation.

philophphthalmus是一种全球分布的寄生性眼吸虫，其一部分分布在不同的地区。尤其是，人畜共患病的线虫Philophthalmus gralli似乎是一种相对较新的传入美洲，这是由于通过水族馆引入的侵入性蜗牛Melanoides tuberculata（红边黑ania）和Tarebia granifera（quil缝黑ania）引起的。贸易，也许是由于禽类传播而加剧的。鉴于人类活动导致了两个已知的Philophthalmus吸虫的中间宿主正在积极扩大其范围，我们假设这种传播也与Philophthalmus的传播有关kes。为了解决这个问题，我们系统地回顾了文献，并研究了Gralli吸虫的全球扩展是否与侵袭性蜗牛M. tuberculata和T. granifera的传播有关。在这里，我们显示（1）仅在中间蜗牛寄主M. tuberculata或T. granifera中发现了Gralli标本，表明对这2个物种的中间寄主特异性，以及（2）在P. gralli中很少发现标本超出结核分枝杆菌或T. granifera的范围（本地和引入）。鉴于寄生虫的分布信息在识别寄生虫入侵的作用中的重要性，我们还回顾了所有费城氏菌物种的已知分布。考虑到最近人类和野生及家畜物种的暴发，费城眼线虫的持续传播对兽医和公共卫生与保护构成了潜在威胁。