ABSTRACT

The world empire created by the Mongols in the thirteenth century was based upon a system of loyalties to different figures, families and institutions. This article explains some of the key “objects of loyalty” at the heart of the Mongol Empire and at a regional level. These loyalties, when acting in concert, served as the glue which bound the Mongol Empire together, but when they came into conflict, served to weaken and finally collapse the unity of the empire. Disagreements about the legacy and will of Chinggis Khan led to diverging loyalty decisions in succession struggles in the mid-thirteenth century and the breakdown of the empire into smaller khanates. This article will examine the system of loyalty as it functioned in the early thirteenth century and how it broke down in the late thirteenth century.

摘要

蒙古人在十三世纪创建的世界帝国是建立在对不同人物、家庭和机构的效忠制度的基础上的。本文解释了蒙古帝国核心和地区层面的一些关键“忠诚对象”。这些忠诚当一致行动时，就像粘合剂将蒙古帝国结合在一起，但当它们发生冲突时，就会削弱并最终瓦解帝国的统一。对成吉思汗的遗产和意志的分歧导致了十三世纪中叶继承斗争中忠诚决策的分歧，以及帝国分裂成更小的汗国。本文将探讨忠诚制度在十三世纪初的运作以及它在十三世纪末如何崩溃。