Rock falls and landslides plunging into lakes or small reservoirs can result in tsunamis with extreme wave run-ups. The occurrence of these natural hazards in populated areas have encouraged a recent sharp increase of studies that aim to mitigate their impact on human lives and assess infrastructure lost. This paper amalgamates in a novel fashion and at an unprecedented detail in-situ historic measurements, geological data and numerical modeling of a rock fall event and associated tsunami wave that occurred in Lake Lovatnet (western Norway) in September 1936. Historical records report an event that released ca. 1 million m3 of rocks and debris from Ramnefjellet Mountain at an altitude of 800 m above Lake Lovatnet. The fragmented material plunged into the lake, causing a tsunami that reached a maximum run-up of 74 m and killed 74 people. In fact, the settlements of Bødal and Nesdal were wiped out as a result of the catastrophic wave. Sediments resulting from the 1936 rock fall and associated tsunami were identified in the subsurface of Lake Lovatnet by shallow geophysical investigations and were retrieved using gravity coring equipment. A set of high resolution physical and geochemical measurements were carried out on the cores with the aim of reproducing a highly detailed reconstruction of this catastrophic event in order to better understand and learn about the processes involved. The cores were retrieved in the northwestern sub-basin of the lake and its chronology was constrained by 210Pb and radiocarbon dating. A specially tailored physically based mathematical model was applied to better understand the tsunami event. Integration of the geophysical record, the sedimentological data and numerical modeling provide a comprehensive background to better understand the effects of such event in a deep fjord-like lacustrine basin and to generate information for better mitigation of similar events elsewhere.

中文翻译：

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灾难的解剖：在挪威西部的洛瓦涅特湖重建1936年的岩崩和海啸事件

岩石崩塌和滑坡冲入湖泊或小型水库可能会导致海啸，并引发极端的海浪上升。这些自然灾害在人口稠密地区的发生鼓励了最近一项旨在减轻其对人类生活的影响并评估基础设施损失的研究的急剧增加。本文以一种新颖的方式进行了合并，并以前所未有的详细方式合并了1936年9月在洛瓦特内特湖（挪威西部）发生的岩石倒塌事件和相关海啸波的现场历史测量，地质数据和数值模拟。历史记录报道了一个事件释放约。在洛瓦涅特湖上空800 m的海拔100万立方米的Ramnefjellet山上的岩石和碎片。碎片散落进了湖中，引发了海啸，海啸的最大爆发时间达到74 m，炸死74人。实际上，由于灾难性的波涛，波达尔（Bødal）和内斯达尔（Nesdal）的定居点被摧毁。通过浅层地球物理调查，在洛瓦涅特湖的地下发现了1936年岩崩和相关海啸造成的沉积物，并使用重力取心设备进行了开采。在岩心上进行了一组高分辨率的物理和地球化学测量，目的是再现此灾难性事件的高度详细的重建信息，以便更好地了解和了解所涉及的过程。在湖的西北子盆地取回了岩心，其时间顺序受到210Pb和放射性碳测年的限制。应用了专门定制的基于物理的数学模型，以更好地了解海啸事件。整合地球物理记录，