Despite a general lack of knowledge on the effects of different strategies, conversion of even-aged stands to uneven-aged forest is ongoing across Europe. Conversion of Bavarian Norway spruce stands under the present climate scenario was simulated using the individual tree simulator SILVA. Three conversion strategies initiated at two different stand ages, 30 and 60 years, were simulated to develop uneven-aged mixed stands of Norway spruce, silver fir and European beech: gap creation, shelterwood and passive conversion. The three conversion strategies were furthermore combined with different harvesting rates. These conversion scenarios were compared with maintaining the even-aged Norway spruce management as reference. Scenarios were evaluated in terms of mean annual increment and structural development over a 150-year conversion period as well as the expectation value (EV) for eternal future rotations. Compared to the reference scenario, conversion scenarios reduced mean annual increment (6–43%) and also generally EV (−5–78%), except for some scenarios when stand age at conversion was 60 and applying a 3% discount rate. Conversion by shelterwood always reduced EV (both compared to the reference and other conversion scenarios) when initiated at age 30. With passive conversion, the effect on EV was dependent on the assumptions regarding regeneration costs. Gap conversion generally resulted in high EV and increased stand heterogeneity fastest among the different strategies. Other scenarios, especially passive conversion, were dependent on heavy thinning for developing heterogeneity faster (although still slower than with creation of gaps). Most conversion scenarios eventually resulted in similar structural heterogeneity, but the time it took to get to this stage varied greatly (50–120 years). Conversion by creation of smaller gaps in combination with a high rate of target diameter harvesting resulted in a favorable conversion in terms of economic returns and development of stand heterogeneity due to early income and differentiated regeneration.

尽管普遍缺乏有关不同策略效果的知识，但整个欧洲仍在将均匀年龄的林分转换为年龄不均匀的森林。使用单独的树木模拟器SILVA模拟了在当前气候情景下巴伐利亚挪威云杉林分的转换。模拟了三种分别在30和60年的不同林龄下启动的转换策略，以开发挪威云杉，银杉和欧洲山毛榉的不均匀年龄的混合林：缝隙形成，防护林和被动转换。此外，三种转化策略还结合了不同的收获率。将这些转换方案与保持均衡的挪威云杉管理进行了比较。根据150年转换期内的年均增量和结构发展以及对未来未来轮换的期望值（EV）来评估方案。与参考方案相比，转换方案降低了平均年增长率（6-43％），也降低了一般EV（−5-78％），但在某些情况下，转换时的摊位年龄为60，并采用3％的折现率。在30岁时开始使用阔叶林进行的转换始终会降低EV（与参考转换和其他转换方案相比）。通过被动转换，对EV的影响取决于有关再生成本的假设。在不同的策略中，间隙转换通常会导致较高的EV值和最快的林分异质性。其他情况，尤其是被动转换，依靠重间伐来更快地发展异质性（尽管仍然比产生缺口要慢）。大多数转换方案最终导致相似的结构异质性，但是到达此阶段所需的时间差异很大（50-120年）。通过创造较小的缺口并实现较高的目标直径收割率而进行的转换，由于早期收入和差异化的再生，在经济收益和林分异质性发展方面带来了有利的转换。