Hepatitis‐A is a waterborne infectious disease transmitted by the eponymous hepatitis‐A virus (HAV). Due to the disease's sociodemographic and environmental characteristics, this study applied public census and remote sensing data to assess risk factors for hepatitis‐A transmission. Municipality‐level data were obtained for the state of Pará, Brazil. Generalized linear and nonlinear models were evaluated as alternative predictors for hepatitis‐A transmission in Pará. The Histogram Gradient Boost (HGB) regression model was deemed the best choice (= 2.36, and higher  = 0.95) among the tested models. Partial dependence analysis and permutation feature importance analysis were used to investigate the partial dependence and the relative importance values of the independent variables in the disease transmission prediction model. Results indicated a complex relationship between the disease transmission and the sociodemographic and environmental characteristics of the study area. Population size, lack of sanitation, urban clustering, year of notification, insufficient public vaccination programs, household proximity to open‐air dumpsites and storm‐drains, and lack of access to healthcare facilities and hospitals were sociodemographic parameters related to HAV transmission. Turbidity and precipitation were the environmental parameters closest related to disease transmission. Based on HGB model, a hepatitis‐A risk map was built for Pará state. The obtained risk map can be thought of as an auxiliary tool for public health strategies. This study reinforces the need to incorporate remote sensing data in epidemiological modelling and surveillance plans for the development of early prevention strategies for hepatitis‐A.

中文翻译：

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帕拉州（巴西）环境和社会人口统计数据与甲型肝炎传播之间的关联

甲型肝炎是一种由同名甲型肝炎病毒（HAV）传播的水源传染病。由于该疾病的社会人口学和环境特征，本研究应用公共人口普查和遥感数据来评估甲型肝炎传播的危险因素。获得了巴西帕拉州的市级数据。广义线性和非线性模型被评估为帕拉州甲型肝炎传播的替代预测因子。 直方图梯度增强 (HGB) 回归模型被认为是测试模型中的最佳选择（= 2.36，更高= 0.95）。采用部分依赖性分析和排列特征重要性分析来研究疾病传播预测模型中自变量的部分依赖性和相对重要性值。结果表明，疾病传播与研究地区的社会人口和环境特征之间存在复杂的关系。人口规模、缺乏卫生设施、城市聚集、通知年份、公共疫苗接种计划不足、家庭靠近露天垃圾场和雨水渠以及无法获得医疗设施和医院是与 HAV 传播相关的社会人口统计参数。浊度和降水量是与疾病传播最相关的环境参数。基于 HGB 模型，为帕拉州构建了甲型肝炎风险图。获得的风险图可以被认为是公共卫生策略的辅助工具。这项研究强调了将遥感数据纳入流行病学模型和监测计划以制定甲型肝炎早期预防策略的必要性。