Abstract:

This article explores the late nineteenth-century transformation in Cretan law and interprets it as a strengthening of the criminal justice system. I argue that this interpretation clarifies the relationship between the Cretan state, on which the law was built, and interpersonal conflict between Cretans, while showing how Tanzimat reforms worked in practice. The violence involved in such interpersonal conflict is seen as a precursor to the violence that occurred in a society that valued mechanisms of communal justice as alternatives to weak state-sponsored justice. Closer societal analysis in fact shows the inaccuracy of labeling Cretan criminal justice institutions in this period as weak. While there was the understanding that responses to threat were symbolically necessary, they were part of the private realm and thus not technically considered criminal activities. However, retaliation in relation to an occurrence perceived to have taken place in the private realm was combined with methods of adjudication from state structures. This combination shows a tension between self-administered and state justice at this moment in Cretan history.

摘要：

本文探讨了十九世纪末克里特岛法律的转变，并将其解释为刑事司法制度的加强。我认为，这种解释澄清了建立法律的克里特州与克里特人之间的人际冲突之间的关系，同时表明了坦齐马特改革在实践中奏效。此类人际冲突中涉及的暴力被视为是一个社会发生暴力的前兆，该社会重视将社区司法机制作为弱势国家司法的替代方案。实际上，更紧密的社会分析表明，在此期间，将克里特岛刑事司法机构标记为不准确的做法是不正确的。尽管人们认为对象征性的威胁的反应是必要的，但它们是私人领域的一部分，因此从技术上讲不是犯罪活动。但是，对被认为发生在私人领域的事件的报复与国家结构的裁决方法相结合。在克里特岛历史上的这一刻，这种结合表明了自治与国家正义之间的紧张关系。