Reviewed by:

• Ο ελληνικός 20ός αιώνας [The Greek twentieth century] by Antonis Liakos
• Efi Avdela (bio)

It is only recently that Greek historians have started to write century-long syntheses of modern Greek history. Antonis Liakos has a point when he claims that “British historiographical production on Greece, not least because of the hegemonic position of English, has determined the country’s image all over the world more than any other historiographical production, Greek or non-Greek” (651). The Greek Twentieth Century is a valuable addition to the emerging Greek historical production as well as the first comprehensive single-author volume for the twentieth century. It is a rich and ambitious work. Liakos sets himself the goal of situating Greece in a global context, which he adapts with respect to geography and scope according to the period and theme being treated. In an unusual mix of political, economic, social, and cultural history, Liakos offers a shifting panoramic view of Greece and draws from a range of interdisciplinary perspectives that combine Greek publications with international twentieth-century research.

The volume comprises ten chapters (nine chronological and one historio-graphical). It opens with the Balkan Wars and concludes with the 2010 economic crisis that has left Greece seriously scarred to this day. Liakos’s chronology does not limit itself to the twentieth century’s strict chronological boundaries. It includes two hundred pages on a very recent period, not yet historicized—the late 1980s, the 1990s, and the 2000s. Each chapter is divided into thematic sub-chapters and sections, with varying levels of analysis that often extend beyond the chronological framework of the chapter in question. The historiographical chapter concludes the volume, followed by a short epilogue, a bibliography, and an index.

It is impossible to summarize this book. The difficulty does not lie in the book’s length (740 pages), but rather in its contents, which are full of arguments, positions, and interpretations that will certainly generate controversies and disagreements. At the same time, the book offers valuable material for reflection and for teaching. Liakos’s intention to integrate Greek history within wider—European or global—contexts takes different forms in each chapter and section. Some chapters are exemplary, revising the conventional narratives of the relevant period. Other chapters are less successful in achieving the author’s goal. The best chapters in the book are those focusing on the decade of wars, 1912–1922, and the Metapolitefsi (the period after the fall of the military dictatorship). Each of these chapters presents an insightful and systematic analysis of a wide range of themes, aided by rich, coherent, and lively prose. [End Page 220]

The chapter on the period 1912–1922 recasts the well-known events of Greek history, such as the National Schism (Dichasmos) and the refugee and minorities questions, from a European perspective, situating Greece amid the process of European restructuring during and after World War I. The repeated devastations caused by military violence are at the heart of this chapter, but attention is also given to the new modes of governance that emerged to confront the problem of European reconstruction. Liakos emphasizes that epidemics proved just as devastating as armed conflict.

The chapter on the Metapolitefsi places the new post-junta political and social landscape in the context of the social transformations that were shaping the southern parts of Europe in the aftermath of the OPEC oil crisis that initiated a period of unstable and fragile economies. Questions of the period’s chronology, culture, and ideology are also examined in relation to what was happening in the wider world. This is a stylish chapter that is written with verve and enriched by the author’s own experiences in his youth.

Other chapters focus more narrowly on Greek history. The interwar years are presented as a period of national reconstruction, state reformation, and social engineering, while the chapter on World War II is surprisingly Greece-centered, analyzing the social, ideological, and political consequences of the dissolution of the state and the normalization of violence. The main argument here is that the Resistance rearranged prewar ideological positions and political divisions, with...

审核人：

• Antonis Liakos的Οελληνικός20όςαιώνας[希腊20世纪]
• Efi Avdela（生物）

直到最近，希腊历史学家才开始撰写长达一个世纪的现代希腊历史综合报告。安东尼奥·利亚科斯（Antonis Liakos）指出：“英国对希腊的史学生产，尤其是由于英国的霸权地位，比起希腊或非希腊的其他任何史学生产，对整个国家的形象影响更为重要”（651 ）。希腊二十世纪是新兴的希腊历史著作的宝贵补充，也是20世纪第一本综合性的第一本书。这是一项富有而雄心勃勃的工作。利亚克斯（Liakos）为自己设定了在全球范围内定位希腊的目标，他根据所处时期和主题在地理和范围方面进行了调整。利亚克斯（Liakos）在政治，经济，社会和文化历史的不同寻常的结合中，提供了希腊全景的变化，并从一系列跨学科的角度汲取了灵感，这些观点将希腊的出版物与20世纪的国际研究相结合。

该卷包括十章（按年代顺序排列的九章和一部历史记录的章节）。它以巴尔干战争为开篇，以2010年经济危机为结尾，这场危机已使希腊严重伤到了今天。利亚科斯的编年史并不仅限于二十世纪严格的编年史界限。它包含了最近一段时间（尚未历史化）的200页，这些时期尚未被历史化-1980年代末，1990年代和2000年代。每章分为主题子章和小节，分析水平各不相同，通常超出了该章的时间顺序框架。史学的章节总结了本书的内容，随后是简短的结尾，参考书目和索引。

总结这本书是不可能的。困难不在于本书的篇幅（740页），而在于其内容，其中充满了论点，立场和解释，这些内容肯定会引起争议和分歧。同时，这本书为反思和教学提供了有价值的材料。利亚科斯（Liakos）将希腊历史纳入更广泛的欧洲或全球语境的意图在每一章和每一节中都有不同的形式。一些章节是示例性的，修订了相关时期的传统叙述。其他章节在实现作者的目标方面不太成功。该书中最好的章节是那些侧重于1912– 1922年的战争和《元谋论》的章节。（军事独裁政权倒台后的时期）。这些章节中的每一章都以丰富，连贯和生动的散文为基础，对各种主题进行了有见地和系统的分析。[结束第220页]

从1912年至1922年这段时间的一章从欧洲的角度重述了希腊历史上的著名事件，例如国家分裂（Dichasmos）以及难民和少数民族问题，将希腊置于世界第二次世界大战之后及之后的欧洲结构调整过程中第一次世界大战。军事暴力所造成的反复破坏是本章的核心，但同时也要注意面对欧洲重建问题而出现的新治理模式。利亚科斯强调，事实证明，流行病与武装冲突同样具有毁灭性。

Metapolitefsi一章将新的军政府后的政治和社会形势置于社会转型的背景下。在欧佩克石油危机引发了不稳定和脆弱的经济时期之后，社会转型正在塑造欧洲南部。还将针对该时期的年代，文化和意识形态等问题与更广阔世界中发生的事情进行探讨。这是一本充满时尚气息的章节，充满勇气，并丰富了作者自己在青年时期的经历。

其他章节则更侧重于希腊历史。两次世界大战之间的时期被描述为一个国家重建，国家改革和社会工程的时期，而关于第二次世界大战的章节出人意料地以希腊为中心，分析了国家解体和正常化的社会，意识形态和政治后果。暴力。这里的主要论点是，抵抗军重新布置了战前的意识形态立场和政治分歧，以...