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Assessment of heavy metals contamination and associated risks in shallow groundwater sources from three different residential areas within Ibadan metropolis, southwest Nigeria
Applied Water Science ( IF 5.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-24 , DOI: 10.1007/s13201-021-01414-4
Saheed Adekunle Ganiyu , Abimbola Temitope Oyadeyi , Azeem Adedeji Adeyemi

This study has been conducted to appraise the concentrations of selected heavy metals and total dissolved solids (TDSs) in the drinking water from shallow wells in parts of Ibadan metropolis, southwest Nigeria. Fifteen (15) water samples were collected from three representative residential locations [traditional core area (TCA), peri-urban area (PUA), and urban area (UA)] for geochemical analysis. Heavy metals and TDS were analyzed with the aid of atomic absorption spectrophotometer and calibrated meter, respectively. The mean concentration (mg/L) of Zn, Pb Mn, Fe, and Cd has been 3.930, 0.658, 0.0304, 1.698, and 0.501, respectively, and as a consequence, the order of abundance of studied metals was Zn > Fe > Pb > Cd > Mn. Concentrations of Zn, Fe, Pb, and Cd were higher than recommended standards in 60%, 86.7%, 100%, and 100% of groundwater samples, respectively. However, at all points tested, the mean concentrations of Mn and TDS in water samples lie within the safe limits set by World Health Organization. The evaluation of geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), and contamination factor suggests that representative water samples were low-to-moderate contamination. The potential ecological risk index advocates low-to-moderate ecological risk in TCA and PUA, while it demonstrated exclusive “moderate” risk in UA. Further, the range of pollution load index (PLI) (0.55–1.32) in both TCA and PUA shows nil-to-moderate pollution status, while PLI values > 1 in UA indicate moderate contaminated state. The degree of contamination in groundwater showed the following trends: UA > TCA > PUA in the study area. Moreover, the results of EF and quantification of contamination of analyzed metals in water samples indicate geogenic and anthropogenic inputs. The contribution of studied metals to the incidence of non-cancer risk via oral intake within the residential sites follows the order: cadmium > lead > zinc > iron > manganese. The hazard index as a result of ingested heavy metals for the three population classes surpasses the acceptable range in the order of infant < child < adult. Cadmium and lead made considerable impact to the estimation of cancer risk in the study area for the three human population categories. Factor analysis extracted only one component that explained 94.64% of the entire variance, while cluster analysis identified three distinct groups based on similar water quality characteristics. Based on the findings of the study, awareness programs toward protecting the shallow groundwater sources should be launched, encouraged, and sustained. Moreover, the study suggests better hygienic practices and pre-treatment of contaminated water before consumption.



中文翻译:

尼日利亚西南部伊巴丹都会区三个不同居民区的浅层地下水源中重金属污染及其相关风险的评估

这项研究的目的是评估尼日利亚西南部伊巴丹都会区浅井中饮用水中所选重金属和总溶解固体(TDSs)的浓度。从三个有代表性的居民区[传统核心区(TCA),城郊区(PUA)和城市区(UA)]收集了十五(15)个水样进行地球化学分析。重金属和TDS分别通过原子吸收分光光度计和校准仪进行分析。Zn,Pb Mn,Fe和Cd的平均浓度(mg / L)分别为3.930、0.658、0.0304、1.698和0.501,因此,研究金属的丰度顺序为Zn> Fe>铅>镉>锰。锌,铁,铅和镉的浓度比推荐标准高60%,86.7%,100%,和100%的地下水样品。但是,在所有测试点上,水样品中Mn和TDS的平均浓度都在世界卫生组织设定的安全范围内。地积累指数的评估(地理),富集因子(EF)和污染因子表明代表性的水样品是中低度污染。潜在的生态风险指数提倡三氯乙烯和尿失禁中的中低生态风险,而在UA中则表现出排他的“中度”风险。此外,TCA和PUA中的污染负荷指数(PLI)的范围(0.55-1.32)表示从零到中度的污染状态,而UA中PLI值> 1表示中度污染状态。地下水的污染程度显示出以下趋势:研究区域中的UA> TCA> PUA。此外,EF的结果和对水样中分析的金属的污染的定量分析表明了地质和人为输入。在居民区通过口服摄入所研究的金属对非癌症风险发生率的贡献顺序如下:镉>铅>锌>铁>锰 三种人群摄入重金属所致的危害指数按婴儿<儿童<成人的顺序超过了可接受的范围。镉和铅对三种人群的研究区域的癌症风险估计产生了重大影响。因子分析仅提取了一个可解释整个方差94.64%的成分,而聚类分析则根据相似的水质特征确定了三个不同的组。根据研究结果,应当启动,鼓励和维持有关保护浅层地下水源的认识计划。此外,研究还提出了更好的卫生习惯,并在饮用前对污水进行了预处理。锰。三种人群摄入重金属所致的危害指数按婴儿<儿童<成人的顺序超过了可接受的范围。镉和铅对三种人群的研究区域的癌症风险估计产生了重大影响。因子分析仅提取了一个可解释整个方差94.64%的成分,而聚类分析则根据相似的水质特征确定了三个不同的组。根据研究结果,应当启动,鼓励和维持有关保护浅层地下水源的认识计划。此外,研究还提出了更好的卫生习惯,并在饮用前对污水进行了预处理。锰。三种人群摄入重金属所致的危害指数按婴儿<儿童<成人的顺序超过了可接受的范围。镉和铅对三种人群的研究区域的癌症风险估计产生了重大影响。因子分析仅提取了一个可解释整个方差94.64%的成分,而聚类分析则根据相似的水质特征确定了三个不同的组。根据研究结果,应当启动,鼓励和维持有关保护浅层地下水源的认识计划。此外,研究还提出了更好的卫生习惯,并在饮用前对污水进行了预处理。三种人群摄入重金属所致的危害指数按婴儿<儿童<成人的顺序超过了可接受的范围。镉和铅对三种人群的研究区域的癌症风险估计产生了重大影响。因子分析仅提取了一个可解释整个方差94.64%的成分,而聚类分析则根据相似的水质特征确定了三个不同的组。根据研究结果,应当启动,鼓励和维持有关保护浅层地下水源的认识计划。此外,研究还提出了更好的卫生习惯,并在饮用前对污水进行了预处理。三种人群摄入重金属所致的危害指数按婴儿<儿童<成人的顺序超过了可接受的范围。镉和铅对三种人群的研究区域的癌症风险估计产生了重大影响。因子分析仅提取了一个可解释整个方差94.64%的成分,而聚类分析则根据相似的水质特征确定了三个不同的组。根据研究结果,应当启动,鼓励和维持有关保护浅层地下水源的认识计划。此外,研究还提出了更好的卫生习惯,并在饮用前对污水进行了预处理。镉和铅对三种人群的研究区域的癌症风险估计产生了重大影响。因子分析仅提取了一个可解释整个方差94.64%的成分,而聚类分析则根据相似的水质特征确定了三个不同的组。根据研究结果,应当启动,鼓励和维持有关保护浅层地下水源的认识计划。此外,研究还提出了更好的卫生习惯,并在饮用前对污水进行了预处理。镉和铅对三种人群的研究区域的癌症风险估计产生了重大影响。因子分析仅提取了一个可解释整个方差94.64%的成分,而聚类分析则根据相似的水质特征确定了三个不同的组。根据研究结果,应当启动,鼓励和维持有关保护浅层地下水源的认识计划。此外,研究还提出了更好的卫生习惯,并在饮用前对污水进行了预处理。聚类分析则根据相似的水质特征确定了三个不同的组。根据研究结果,应当启动,鼓励和维持有关保护浅层地下水源的认识计划。此外,研究还提出了更好的卫生习惯,并在饮用前对污水进行了预处理。而聚类分析则根据相似的水质特征确定了三个不同的组。根据研究结果,应当启动,鼓励和维持有关保护浅层地下水源的认识计划。此外,研究还提出了更好的卫生习惯,并在饮用前对污水进行了预处理。

更新日期:2021-04-24
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