Pressure-driven processes have come a long way since they were introduced. These processes, namely Ultra-Filtration (UF), Nano-Filtration (NF), and Reverse-Osmosis (RO), aim to enhance the efficiency of wastewater treatment, thereby aiming at a cleaner production. Membranes may be polymeric, ceramic, metallic, or organo-mineral, and the filtration techniques differ in pore size from dense to porous membrane. The applied pressure varies according to the method used. These are being utilized in many exciting applications in, for example, the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry, and wastewater treatment. This paper attempts to comprehensively review the principle behind the different pressure-driven membrane technologies and their use in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The transport mechanism has been elaborated, which helps in the predictive modeling of the membrane system. Fouling of the membrane is perhaps the only barrier to the emergence of membrane technology and its full acceptance. However, with the use of innovative techniques of fabrication, this can be overcome. This review is concluded with perspective recommendations that can be incorporated by researchers worldwide as a new problem statement for their work.

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压力驱动膜工艺：重金属修复的先进技术综述

自从引入压力驱动过程以来，它已经走了很长一段路。这些过程，即超滤（UF），纳米过滤（NF）和反渗透（RO），旨在提高废水处理效率，从而实现更清洁的生产。膜可以是聚合的，陶瓷的，金属的或有机矿物的，并且过滤技术的孔径从致密膜到多孔膜都不同。施加的压力根据所使用的方法而变化。这些被用于许多激动人心的应用中，例如食品工业，制药工业和废水处理。本文试图全面回顾各种压力驱动膜技术背后的原理及其在废水中重金属去除中的应用。运输机制已经详细阐述，这有助于对膜系统进行预测建模。膜的结垢也许是膜技术及其完全被接受的唯一障碍。但是，通过使用创新的制造技术，可以克服这一问题。总结本综述的观点建议，这些建议可以被全球研究人员纳入，作为其工作的新问题陈述。