Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are particles secreted by bacteria with diameter of 20-400 nm. The pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present on the surface of MVs are capable of activating human immune system, leading to non-specific immune response and specific immune response. Due to the immunostimulatory properties and proteoliposome nanostructures, MVs have been increasingly explored as vaccines or delivery systems for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Herein, the recent progresses of MVs for antibacterial applications are reviewed to provide an overview of MVs vaccines and MVs-related delivery systems. In addition, the safety issues of bacterial MVs are discussed to demonstrate their potential for clinical translation. In the end of this review, the challenges of bacterial MVs as vaccines and delivery systems for clinical applications are highlighted with the purpose of predicting future research directions in this field.

细菌膜囊泡 (MVs) 是由细菌分泌的颗粒，直径为 20-400 nm。MVs表面存在的病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）能够激活人体免疫系统，导致非特异性免疫反应和特异性免疫反应。由于免疫刺激特性和蛋白脂质体纳米结构，已越来越多地探索MVs作为预防和治疗细菌感染的疫苗或递送系统。本文回顾了 MVs 在抗菌应用方面的最新进展，以概述 MVs 疫苗和 MVs 相关的递送系统。此外，还讨论了细菌 MV 的安全问题，以证明它们在临床转化方面的潜力。在这篇评论的最后，