Various synthesis methods such as deep-deposition-ultrasonication (DPU), co-precipitation-ultrasonication (CPU), deposition-precipitation (DP), co-precipitation (CP) and wet-impregnation (IMP) have been reported for the preparation of lanthanum-modified zirconia (La/ZrO₂) catalysts. The acoustic cavitational effect by the DPU method decreased the particles size and enlarged the pores of the La/ZrO₂ catalysts. Besides, the La ions well-interacted with the ZrO₂ in each catalyst, thus, all the La/ZrO₂ catalysts have a great potential to be employed in ketonization reaction. It had found that both DP and DPU methods exhibited smaller catalyst particles than that of the CP, CPU and IMP methods, in which 15 – 20 nm for the La/ZrO₂-DPU and 28 – 56 nm for the La/ZrO₂-DP. Even though the ultrasonication helped to reduce the particle size notably, adversely the small particles tend to aggregated . Meanwhile, larger nanoparticles can be prevented particle aggregation leading to higher dispersion for the La/ZrO₂-DP as compared to the La/ZrO₂-DPU. All the catalysts were tested in ketonization of palmitic and lauric acids, showing the La/ZrO₂-DP exhibited the best catalyst with free fatty acid (FFA) conversion ~80% and 51% of ketone selectivity. In addition, the 10 wt.% of La dosage gave the optimum concentration for the maximum ketonization activity. The La/ZrO₂-DP catalyst also promising for the ketonization of real feedstocks such as palm kernel oil (PKO) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) into their ketone species.

已经报道了各种合成方法，例如深沉积-超声（DPU），共沉淀-超声（CPU），沉积-沉淀（DP），共沉淀（CP）和湿浸渍（IMP），用于制备镧改性的氧化锆（La / ZrO ₂）催化剂。DPU法的声空化作用减小了La / ZrO ₂催化剂的粒径并扩大了孔。另外，由于在各催化剂中与ZrO ₂相互作用良好的La离子，因此，所有的La / ZrO ₂催化剂都具有在酮化反应中使用的巨大潜力。已经发现，DP和DPU方法均比CP，CPU和IMP方法表现出更小的催化剂颗粒，其中La / ZrO为15 – 20 nm₂ -DPU和La / ZrO ₂ -DP为28 – 56 nm 。即使超声处理有助于显着减小粒径，但不利的是小颗粒易于聚集。同时，与La / ZrO ₂ -DPU相比，可以防止较大的纳米颗粒聚集，从而导致La / ZrO ₂ -DP的分散性更高。在棕榈酸和月桂酸的酮化反应中测试了所有催化剂，显示La / ZrO ₂ -DP表现出最佳的催化剂，其游离脂肪酸（FFA）转化率为〜80 ％，酮选择性为51％。另外，La剂量的10重量％给出了最大酮化活性的最佳浓度。La / ZrO ₂-DP催化剂也有望将诸如棕榈仁油（PKO）和棕榈脂肪酸馏出物（PFAD）之类的真实原料酮化为酮类。