Objective

This study investigates the role of individual differences in time perception on task performance during teleoperation with latency.

Background

Long distance teleoperation induces latency, causing performance issues for the operator. Previous research demonstrated that individual differences in time perception predicted performance on a similar task, having participants navigate a radio controlled (RC) car around a track. This work extends the relationship into routes of varying course width to test whether differences in time perception predict movement over-/underestimation.

Method

Participants completed a time estimation task and a route navigation task while experiencing latency. In the time estimation task, participants estimated the duration of multiple visual stimuli (2 s or less). In the route navigation task, participants moved a virtual cube across a route. Each trial varied in the amount of latency and the amount of horizontal clearance in the track (4–10 m for a 1.2-m-long/wide cube).

Results

The results showed fairly consistent latency by time estimation and latency by clearance interaction effects on a wide set of trial-level variables, such as completion time, and action-level performance variables, such as time spent moving per move event. However, the results were not consistently in the predicted direction.

Conclusion

Results suggest that clearance and timing affect performance across latency, at both the overall level (i.e., trial completion time) and at the action level (time spent moving). An open question remains as to how these contextual factors affect movement strategy selection.

中文翻译：

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远程操作期间的时间敏感性和延迟：使用轨道间隙来了解未来投影中的错误

客观的

本研究调查了在具有延迟的远程操作期间，时间感知中的个体差异对任务性能的作用。

背景

远距离远程操作会引起延迟，从而给操作员带来性能问题。先前的研究表明，时间感知的个体差异预测了类似任务的表现，让参与者在轨道上驾驶无线电控制 (RC) 汽车。这项工作将关系扩展到不同路线宽度的路线，以测试时间感知的差异是否预测运动高估/低估。

方法

参与者在经历延迟的同时完成了时间估计任务和路线导航任务。在时间估计任务中，参与者估计多个视觉刺激的持续时间（2 秒或更短）。在路线导航任务中，参与者在路线上移动一个虚拟立方体。每个试验的延迟量和轨道中的水平间隙量各不相同（1.2 米长/宽的立方体为 4-10 米）。

结果

结果显示，时间估计延迟和清除交互影响延迟对广泛的试验级变量（例如完成时间）和动作级性能变量（例如每次移动事件花费的移动时间）的影响相当一致。然而，结果并不总是朝着预期的方向发展。

结论

结果表明，清除和时间影响跨延迟的性能，在整体级别（即试验完成时间）和动作级别（移动所花费的时间）。关于这些背景因素如何影响运动策略选择，一个悬而未决的问题。