Current treatment for patients with autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, often consists of long-term drug regimens that broadly dampen immune responses. These non-specific treatments are frequently associated with severe side effects creating an urgent need for safer and more effective therapy to promote peripheral tolerance in autoimmune diseases. Cell-based immunotherapy may offer an encouraging alternative, where tolerogenic CD14⁺ myeloid cells are infused to inhibit autoreactive effector cells. In this review, we compared in depth three promising tolerogenic CD14⁺ candidates for the treatment of autoimmune disease: 1) tolerogenic dendritic cells, 2) monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and 3) CD14⁺ type 2 conventional dendritic cells. TolDC-based therapy has entered clinical testing whereas evidence from the latter two cell types m-MDSCs and CD14⁺ cDC2s is predominantly coming from cancer immunology research. These three cell types have distinct cellular properties and immunosuppressive mechanisms offering unique opportunities to be explored. However, these cells differ in stage of development towards immunotherapy each facing additional hurdles. Therefore, we speculate on the potential benefits and risks of these cell types as novel cell-based immunotherapies to control autoimmune disease in patients.

目前对包括类风湿性关节炎、多发性硬化症和 1 型糖尿病在内的自身免疫性疾病患者的治疗通常包括广泛抑制免疫反应的长期药物治疗方案。这些非特异性治疗通常与严重的副作用有关，因此迫切需要更安全、更有效的治疗方法，以促进自身免疫性疾病的外周耐受性。基于细胞的免疫疗法可能会提供一种令人鼓舞的替代方案，其中注入耐受性 CD14 ⁺骨髓细胞以抑制自身反应性效应细胞。在这篇综述中，我们深入比较了三种用于治疗自身免疫性疾病的有希望的耐受性 CD14 ⁺候选物：1) 耐受性树突状细胞，2) 单核细胞髓源性抑制细胞和 3) CD14 ⁺2型常规树突状细胞。基于 TolDC 的疗法已进入临床试验，而后两种细胞类型 m-MDSC 和 CD14 ⁺ cDC2 的证据主要来自癌症免疫学研究。这三种细胞类型具有不同的细胞特性和免疫抑制机制，为探索提供了独特的机会。然而，这些细胞在免疫疗法的发展阶段不同，每个都面临着额外的障碍。因此，我们推测这些细胞类型作为新的基于细胞的免疫疗法来控制患者自身免疫性疾病的潜在益处和风险。