Abstract

No industry had a more profound impact on the environment and communities of northern Vietnam than coal mining. Following the French discovery of the vast Quảng Yên coal basin in the early 1880s, Tonkin, a small French protectorate in northern Vietnam, rose to become one of the world's largest coal exporters. Large-scale coal mining denuded forests, fashioned massive open-pit wastelands, and created some of Vietnam's most enduring environmental problems. This article explores one of those issues: the transformation wrought by the coal boom of the 1920s on Tonkin’s forests. As the demand for mine timber soared during that decade, an illicit timber-trading network built upon the collusion of coal-mining enterprises and indigenous loggers managed to operate under the radar of the French forest surveillance. The rise of mining-driven, illicit logging activities in French colonial Vietnam provides a useful lens for examining not only the intense ecological consequences of unchecked capitalist development but also the ingenuity and adaptability of indigenous networks and the limits of French colonial authority.

中文翻译：

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法国殖民地越南的煤矿开采，森林管理和森林砍伐

摘要

没有哪个行业比煤矿开采对越南北部的环境和社区产生更深远的影响了。在1880年代初法国人发现广阔的QuảngYên煤盆地之后，法国北部越南的一个小保护国Tonkin崛起，成为世界上最大的煤炭出口国之一。大规模的煤矿开采剥夺了森林，形成了大规模的露天荒地，并造成了越南一些最持久的环境问题。本文探讨了这些问题之一：1920年代煤炭繁荣在东京森林上造成的转型。在过去的十年中，由于对矿山木材的需求猛增，在煤矿企业和土著伐木者勾结下建立的非法木材交易网络设法在法国森林监测的雷达下运作。采矿驱动的兴起