Energy use in buildings accounts for one-third of the overall global energy consumption and total building floor area continues to increase each year as new developments are constructed and delivered. If stringent climate goals are to be met, these buildings will need to consume less energy and emit less carbon. However, design intentions for energy efficient buildings are not always met in practice. This performance gap between calculated and measured energy use in buildings threatens the progress necessary to meet these energy targets. The aim of this paper is to identify the factors that contribute to the performance gap and propose solutions for reducing the gap in practice. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of two research programmes completed in the past few years was utilized for an in-depth look at the performance of around 50 non-domestic buildings in the United Kingdom. While no direct links were found between any one variable and the performance gap, several correlations exist between contributing factors indicating a complex, entangled web of interrelated problems. The multitude of the variables involved presents a formidable challenge in finding practical solutions. However, the results indicate that the combination of the ventilation strategy of a building and the building services control strategy during partial occupancy is a key determinant of the performance gap. A more straightforward procurement approach with clearly delineated targets and responsibilities, along with advanced and seasonal commissioning instituted at the beginning of a project and implemented after building completion can also be very effective in reducing the gap. Finally, mandatory requirements or an appropriate system of incentives for monitoring and disclosure of performance data can help identify many of the underlying issues affecting performance in-use and untangle some of the web of complex issues across the building sector.

Practical application

Awareness of the performance gap and knowledge of the factors contributing to its impact on the building industry is important for all stakeholders involved in the design, construction, operation and occupation of non-domestic buildings. Understanding potential solutions to mitigate these risks may help to reduce the prevalence and magnitude of the performance gap.

中文翻译：

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管理非住宅建筑中能源性能差距的风险

建筑物中的能源使用量占全球总能耗的三分之一，并且随着新建筑物的建造和交付，建筑物的总建筑面积逐年增加。如果要实现严格的气候目标，这些建筑物将需要消耗更少的能源并排放更少的碳。但是，实践中并不总是能满足节能建筑的设计意图。建筑能耗与计算能耗之间的性能差距威胁了实现这些能源目标所需的进展。本文的目的是找出造成绩效差距的因素，并提出减少实践差距的解决方案。通过对过去几年完成的两个研究计划的定量和定性分析，可以深入了解英国约50座非住宅建筑的性能。尽管没有发现任何一个变量与绩效差距之间存在直接联系，但在影响因素之间存在多种相关性，表明相互关联的问题错综复杂。所涉及的众多变量在寻找实际解决方案方面提出了巨大的挑战。但是，结果表明，建筑物的通风策略和部分占用期间的建筑物服务控制策略的组合是决定性能差距的关键因素。一种更直接的采购方法，其中明确标明了目标和职责，以及在项目开始时进行的高级季节性调试以及在建筑竣工后实施的调试，也可以非常有效地缩小差距。最后，强制性要求或适当的激励机制，用于监控和公开性能数据可以帮助识别许多影响使用中性能的潜在问题，并消除整个建筑行业中一些复杂问题的网络。

实际应用

对性能差距的认识以及对其造成影响的因素的认识对于非住宅建筑的设计，建造，运营和占用的所有利益相关者都是重要的。了解减轻这些风险的潜在解决方案可能有助于减少绩效差距的普遍性和严重性。