We have conducted a comprehensive sampling campaign of PM10 pollutants at a site next to a major highway, following standard protocols. Particulate matter (PM) total mass, and elemental and chemical compositions of the fine and coarse fractions of traffic-related pollutants were determined using several complementary techniques, including gravimetric analysis, x-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The PM mass concentrations show that PM10 is within acceptable international levels except during dust storms. Desert dust, crustal minerals, and sea salts are the major natural sources of PM10 pollution. Examples of these pollutants are quartz [SiO2], calcite [CaCO3], gypsum [CaSO4·2H2O], palygorskite [(Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH)•4(H2O], chlorite-serpentine [(Mg,Fe)6AlSi3O10(OH)8], halite [NaCl] and nitratine [NaNO3]. Anthropogenic pollutants, such as mascagnite [(NH4)2SO4] and koktaite [(NH4)2Ca(SO4)2·H2O], were also observed to contribute to PM10. Trace elements such as Zn, Cu, Fe, Cr and Mn that are markers for traffic sources, Ni and V that are markers for heavy oil combustion, and Pb, which is attributed to industrial emissions, were also identified in PM10. Seasonal variation of the average total mass concentrations and the average mass concentration of natural elements show that the hot season is associated with higher pollution levels compared to the cold season due to increased dust events in the spring and summer. Correlation coefficients between elements have identified elements originating from common sources such as dust storms (e.g., Si, Ca, Al, Fe, Ti, Mn) and sea breeze (Cl and Na), in addition to anthropogenic elements. Enrichment factors calculations have identified elements that mainly have crustal origins, and elements that are partially or highly enriched by humans. Anthropogenic elements were more enriched during the cold season due to reduced human activities in the summer.

中文翻译：

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恶劣环境中PM10气溶胶的理化特性和季节变化

根据标准协议，我们在主要公路旁的场地进行了PM10污染物的全面采样活动。使用几种互补技术，包括重量分析，X射线荧光，扫描电子显微镜，能量分散光谱和X，可以确定交通相关污染物的颗粒物（PM）总质量以及精细和粗糙级分的元素和化学组成。射线衍射。PM的质量浓度表明，除尘暴期间，PM10处于可接受的国际水平内。沙漠尘埃，地壳矿物和海盐是PM10污染的主要自然来源。这些污染物的例子是石英[SiO2]，方解石[CaCO3]，石膏[CaSO4·2H2O]，坡缕石[（Mg，Al）2Si4O10（OH）•4（H2O]，绿泥石蛇纹石[（Mg，Fe）6AlSi3O10（ OH）8]，盐[NaCl]和硝胺[NaNO3]。还观察到人为的污染物，例如，镁铝矿[（NH4）2SO4]和角铁矿[（NH4）2Ca（SO4）2·H2O]，也对PM10产生了影响。在PM10中还发现了痕量元素，例如作为交通来源标记的Zn，Cu，Fe，Cr和Mn，作为重油燃烧标记的Ni和V，以及归因于工业排放的Pb。平均总质量浓度和天然元素的平均质量浓度的季节性变化表明，与春季相比，由于春季和夏季的尘埃事件增多，与寒冷季节相比，炎热季节的污染水平更高。元素之间的相关系数已识别出源自常见来源的元素，例如沙尘暴（例如，Si，Ca，Al，Fe，Ti，Mn）和海风（Cl和Na），除了人为因素。富集因子计算确定了主要来自地壳的元素，以及被人类部分或高度富集的元素。由于夏季人类活动的减少，人为因素在寒冷季节更加丰富。