A brain organoid is a self-organizing three-dimensional tissue derived from human embryonic stem cells or pluripotent stem cells and is able to simulate the architecture and functionality of the human brain. Brain organoid generation methods are abundant and continue to improve, and now, an in vivo vascularized brain organoid has been encouragingly reported. The combination of brain organoids with immune-staining and single-cell sequencing technology facilitates our understanding of brain organoids, including the structural organization and the diversity of cell types. Recent publications have reported that brain organoids can mimic the dynamic spatiotemporal process of early brain development, model various human brain disorders, and serve as an effective preclinical platform to test and guide personalized treatment. In this review, we introduce the current state of brain organoid differentiation strategies, summarize current progress and applications in the medical domain, and discuss the challenges and prospects of this promising technology.

中文翻译：

---

脑类器官在神经发育和神经系统疾病中的应用


脑类器官是一种源自人类胚胎干细胞或多能干细胞的自组织三维组织，能够模拟人脑的结构和功能。脑类器官的生成方法非常丰富并且不断改进，现在，一种体内血管化脑类器官的报道令人鼓舞。脑类器官与免疫染色和单细胞测序技术的结合有助于我们对脑类器官的理解，包括结构组织和细胞类型的多样性。最近的出版物报道，大脑类器官可以模仿早期大脑发育的动态时空过程，模拟各种人类大脑疾病，并作为测试和指导个性化治疗的有效临床前平台。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了脑类器官分化策略的现状，总结了当前在医学领域的进展和应用，并讨论了这项有前途的技术的挑战和前景。