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Field-Level Exposure of Bumble Bees to Fungicides Applied to a Commercial Cherry Orchard
Journal of Economic Entomology ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-04 , DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab051
K M Kuivila 1 , H Judd 2, 3 , M L Hladik 4 , J P Strange 2
Affiliation  

Bumble bees, Bombus spp. (Apidae), are important native pollinators; however, populations of some species are declining in North America and agricultural chemicals are a potential cause. Fungicides are generally not highly toxic to bees, but little is known about sublethal or synergistic effects. This study evaluates bumble bee exposure to fungicides by quantifying concentrations of boscalid and pyraclostrobin in nectar and pollen collected by colonies of Bombus huntii Greene, 1860 (Hunt bumble bee) deployed in a commercial cherry Prunus avium L. orchard in the spring of 2016. Seven colonies were placed adjacent to an orchard block that was sprayed with a fungicide mixture of boscalid and pyraclostrobin and a control group of seven colonies was placed next to an unsprayed block of orchard 400 m away from the treated block. Nectar and pollen were collected daily, beginning 1 d before spray application and continuing for a total of 12 d, and analyzed for both fungicides. Fungicide concentrations varied spatially by colony and temporally by day. The highest concentrations in nectar occurred 1 and 3 d after spraying: up to 440 ng/g boscalid and 240 ng/g pyraclostrobin. Six days after application, pollen from cherry flowers contained the highest concentrations of the fungicides: up to 60,500 ng/g boscalid and 32,000 ng/g pyraclostrobin. These data can help to determine field-level fungicide concentrations in nectar and pollen and direct future work on understanding the effects of these compounds, including their interactions with important bumble bee pathogenic and beneficial symbionts.

中文翻译:

大黄蜂在商业樱桃园中使用杀菌剂的田间暴露

大黄蜂,熊蜂属。(Apidae),是重要的本土传粉者;然而,北美某些物种的数量正在减少,而农业化学品是一个潜在的原因。杀菌剂通常对蜜蜂没有高毒性,但对亚致死或协同效应知之甚少。本研究通过量化 2016 年春季部署在商业樱桃 Prunus avium L. 果园中的 Bombus huntii Greene, 1860 (Hunt bumblebee) 收集的花蜜和花粉中啶酰菌胺和唑菌胺酯的浓度来评估大黄蜂接触杀菌剂的情况。 七将菌落放置在喷洒了啶酰菌胺和唑菌胺酯的杀真菌剂混合物的果园块附近,并且将七个菌落的对照组放置在距处理块400m的未喷洒的果园块旁边。每天收集花蜜和花粉,从喷洒前 1 天开始,持续 12 天,并分析两种杀真菌剂。杀菌剂浓度在空间上因菌落而异,而在时间上随天而异。花蜜中的最高浓度出现在喷洒后 1 天和 3 天:高达 440 ng/g 啶酰菌胺和 240 ng/g 唑菌胺酯。施用六天后,樱桃花花粉中的杀菌剂浓度最高:高达 60,500 ng/g 啶酰菌胺和 32,000 ng/g 唑菌胺酯。这些数据有助于确定花蜜和花粉中的田间杀菌剂浓度,并指导未来了解这些化合物影响的工作,包括它们与重要的大黄蜂致病和有益共生体的相互作用。从喷施前 1 天开始,持续 12 天,对两种杀菌剂进行分析。杀菌剂浓度在空间上因菌落而异,而在时间上随天而异。花蜜中的最高浓度出现在喷洒后 1 天和 3 天:高达 440 ng/g 啶酰菌胺和 240 ng/g 唑菌胺酯。施用六天后,樱桃花花粉中的杀菌剂浓度最高:高达 60,500 ng/g 啶酰菌胺和 32,000 ng/g 唑菌胺酯。这些数据有助于确定花蜜和花粉中的田间杀菌剂浓度,并指导未来了解这些化合物影响的工作,包括它们与重要的大黄蜂致病和有益共生体的相互作用。从喷施前 1 天开始,持续 12 天,对两种杀菌剂进行分析。杀菌剂浓度在空间上因菌落而异,而在时间上随天而异。花蜜中的最高浓度出现在喷洒后 1 天和 3 天:高达 440 ng/g 啶酰菌胺和 240 ng/g 唑菌胺酯。施用六天后,樱桃花花粉中的杀菌剂浓度最高:高达 60,500 ng/g 啶酰菌胺和 32,000 ng/g 唑菌胺酯。这些数据有助于确定花蜜和花粉中的田间杀菌剂浓度,并指导未来了解这些化合物影响的工作,包括它们与重要的大黄蜂致病和有益共生体的相互作用。花蜜中的最高浓度出现在喷洒后 1 天和 3 天:高达 440 ng/g 啶酰菌胺和 240 ng/g 唑菌胺酯。施用六天后,樱桃花花粉中的杀菌剂浓度最高:高达 60,500 ng/g 啶酰菌胺和 32,000 ng/g 唑菌胺酯。这些数据有助于确定花蜜和花粉中的田间杀菌剂浓度,并指导未来了解这些化合物影响的工作,包括它们与重要的大黄蜂致病和有益共生体的相互作用。花蜜中的最高浓度出现在喷洒后 1 天和 3 天:高达 440 ng/g 啶酰菌胺和 240 ng/g 唑菌胺酯。施用六天后,樱桃花花粉中的杀菌剂浓度最高:高达 60,500 ng/g 啶酰菌胺和 32,000 ng/g 唑菌胺酯。这些数据有助于确定花蜜和花粉中的田间杀菌剂浓度,并指导未来了解这些化合物影响的工作,包括它们与重要的大黄蜂致病和有益共生体的相互作用。
更新日期:2021-03-04
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