Objectives

Although reentry is commonly perceived as a singular event, evidence suggests that when formerly incarcerated individuals reenter society they have a heightened likelihood of returning to prison. This heightened likelihood could generate a reentry-reincarceration cycle, where individuals reenter society, become reincarcerated due to situational circumstances, and have to go through reentry again. This cycle is likely to continue until the barriers to reentry are addressed. One known barrier to reentry is the inability to gain and maintain legal employment. While research suggests that incarceration diminishes future employment opportunities, scholars have yet to evaluate the between-individual and within-individual effects of the reentry-reincarceration cycle on future employment outcomes.

Methods

Using the NLSY97 birth cohort, the current study evaluated the influence of time spent incarcerated (an approximation of the reentry-reincarceration cycle) on future employment outcomes over an 18-year period. Specifically, two cross-lagged panel models were estimated to examine the between-individual effects of the number of months incarcerated on employment and the number of weeks employed, while two lagged latent growth models were estimated to examine the within-individual effects.

Results

In addition to suggesting that the reentry-reincarceration cycle exists, the findings illustrated that the reentry-reincarceration cycle influences between-individual differences on employment outcomes and within-individual changes in employment outcomes over time.

Conclusion

The reentry-reincarceration cycle contributes to the difficulties formerly incarcerated individuals have finding and maintaining employment during reentry. Efforts should be made to diminish the likelihood of individuals falling into the reentry-reincarceration cycle, as well as increase employment opportunities for formerly incarcerated individuals.

中文翻译：

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再入和入狱的周期：检查18年内对就业的影响

目标

尽管再入世通常被认为是一个单一事件，但证据表明，当以前被监禁的人重新进入社会时，他们重返监狱的可能性更高。这种增加的可能性可能会导致再入-再入狱周期，其中个人会重新进入社会，由于情况的原因而被重新入狱，并且必须再次经历再入。在解决再入障碍之前，这个周期可能会持续下去。再入劳工的已知障碍之一是无法获得和维持合法就业。尽管研究表明监禁减少了未来的就业机会，但学者们尚未评估再入狱阶段对未来就业成果的个体之间和个体内部影响。

方法

使用NLSY97出生队列，当前研究评估了18年期间被关押的时间（折返-再入狱的时间的近似值）对未来就业成果的影响。具体而言，估计了两个交叉滞后的面板模型来检验被监禁的月数对就业和所雇用的工作周数的个体间影响，而估计两个滞后的潜在增长模型来检验个体内的影响。

结果

除了暗示存在再入狱期外，研究结果还表明，再入狱期会影响个体间就业结果的差异以及个体内就业结果随时间的变化。

结论

再入-再入狱周期加剧了以前被监禁的个人在再入期间找到并维持工作的困难。应努力减少个人进入再入狱的可能性，并增加以前被羁押者的就业机会。