This paper takes a fresh look into the role of Temporary Trade Barriers (TTBs) and whether they are introduced for strategic reasons. We construct a novel sectoral measure of retaliation using daily bilateral data on TTB responses in 1220 subsectors across a panel of 25 advanced and emerging economies over 1989–2015. We use this measure to present novel stylized facts and patterns suggesting that strategic considerations may be more important (in terms of intensity and frequency) than commonly understood from the existing literature, which has tended to ignore within-year responses. Our evidence indicates that retaliation actually often consists of responses across many sectors and indeed that same-sector retaliation is far from being the norm.

本文重新审视了临时贸易壁垒 (TTB) 的作用以及它们是否出于战略原因被引入。我们使用 1989 年至 2015 年间 25 个发达和新兴经济体的 1220 个子行业的每日双边数据，构建了一种新型的行业报复措施。我们使用这一衡量标准来呈现新颖的程式化事实和模式，表明战略考虑可能比现有文献中普遍理解的更重要（在强度和频率方面），而现有文献往往忽略年内反应。我们的证据表明，报复实际上通常包括多个部门的反应，事实上，同一部门的报复远非常态。