Abstract

This review presents a comprehensive compilation of toxicological and environmental data, further used to assess the ecological risk (ERA) of the 11 EU approved antifouling biocides (PT21). Diuron, chlorothalonil, DCOIT, and pyrithiones are amongst the most toxic biocides toward producer species, while, CuSCN, medetomidine, and zineb showed higher toxicity toward consumers. In addition, medetomidine, CuSNC, zineb, Cu₂O, and chlorothalonil are up to 400-fold more toxic to non-target organisms than target organisms highlighting their potential threat for marine ecosystems. Biocides hazard, which was assessed based on the marine PNEC_{probabilistic} for biocides having enough and reliable ecotoxicological data, can be summarized in the following order: ZnPT (more hazardous) > CuPT > DCOIT > diuron > chlorothalonil > dichlofluanid > tolylfluanid. For the remaining biocides, the marine hazard was calculated based on the PNEC_{deterministic} as follows: CuSCN (more hazardous) > Cu₂O > medetomidine > zineb. The risk assessment indicates that the following biocides poses risk (quotient >1) for the coastal ecosystems: DCOIT, diuron, dichlofluanid, chlorothalonil, CuSCN, Cu₂O, medetomidine and zineb. In order to protect the services and functions of coastal environments, a systematic and continuous monitoring of these biocides in coastal areas are highly recommended. Current regulatory framework and the replacement of state-of-the-art biocides by safer alternative is also critically discussed.

摘要

本综述提供了毒理学和环境数据的综合汇编，进一步用于评估欧盟批准的 11 种防污杀菌剂 (PT21) 的生态风险 (ERA)。敌草隆、百菌清、DCOIT 和吡啶硫酮是对生产者物种毒性最大的杀生物剂，而 CuSCN、美托咪定和锌布对消费者的毒性更高。此外，美托咪定、CuSNC、zineb、Cu ₂ O 和百菌清对非目标生物体的毒性是目标生物体的 400 倍，突出了它们对海洋生态系统的潜在威胁。基于海洋 PNEC_{概率评估的杀菌剂危害}对于具有足够和可靠的生态毒理学数据的杀菌剂，可以按以下顺序进行总结：ZnPT（更危险）> CuPT > DCOIT >敌草隆 > 百菌清 > 双氯氟醚 > 甲苯氟醚。对于剩余的杀菌剂，海洋危害根据 PNEC_确定性计算如下：CuSCN（更危险）> Cu ₂ O > 美托咪定 > 锌。风险评估表明，以下杀菌剂对沿海生态系统构成风险（商 >1）：DCOIT、敌草隆、敌百灵、百菌清、CuSCN、Cu ₂O，美托咪定和锌。为了保护沿海环境的服务和功能，强烈建议对沿海地区的这些杀生物剂进行系统和持续的监测。当前的监管框架和用更安全的替代品替代最先进的杀菌剂也进行了批判性讨论。