The Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) program is Ghana's first social protection program to provide cash and health insurance to the poor and vulnerable. This study looks beyond the direct impact of the program and examines the indirect impacts on labor transitions as well as the engagement of children and the elderly in the labor market. The study employs the combined propensity score matching and difference-in-difference technique to obtain robust estimates in examining the effect of the cash transfer program on labor shifts of beneficiaries. Overall, the paper finds that cash transfer programs can have productive impacts and dismisses the assertion that such grants end up making beneficiaries perpetually dependent. The heterogeneous analysis provides evidence that the results are differentiated by age but not by gender. Based on the evidence from this study, we recommend that as LEAP continues to expand and reach more beneficiaries in poor districts, it needs to ensure that the issue of complementarity of poverty reduction programs is a key feature of its design. Indeed, findings from the study point to the fact that graduation from cash transfer is possible and therefore, programs must seek to maximize this potential.

中文翻译：

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贫困家庭的现金转移和劳动力供应：来自加纳生计赋权计划的证据

反贫困生计赋权 (LEAP) 计划是加纳第一个为贫困和弱势群体提供现金和健康保险的社会保护计划。本研究超越了该计划的直接影响，考察了对劳动力转型以及儿童和老年人在劳动力市场中的参与的间接影响。该研究采用组合倾向得分匹配和差异中的差异技术来获得可靠的估计，以检查现金转移计划对受益人劳动力转移的影响。总体而言，该论文发现现金转移计划可以产生富有成效的影响，并驳斥了此类赠款最终使受益人永久依赖的断言。异质性分析提供的证据表明结果是按年龄而不是按性别区分的。根据本研究的证据，我们建议随着 LEAP 继续扩大并覆盖贫困地区的更多受益人，它需要确保减贫计划的互补性问题是其设计的一个关键特征。事实上，研究结果表明，从现金转移中毕业是可能的，因此，项目必须寻求最大限度地发挥这种潜力。