Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of warming and drought periods around the globe, currently representing a threat to many plant species. Understanding the resistance and resilience of plants to climate change is, therefore, urgently needed. As date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) evolved adaptation mechanisms to a xeric environment and can tolerate large diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations, we studied the protein expression changes in leaves, volatile organic compound emissions, and photosynthesis in response to variable growth temperatures and soil water deprivation. Plants were grown under controlled environmental conditions of simulated Saudi Arabian summer and winter climates challenged with drought stress. We show that date palm is able to counteract the harsh conditions of the Arabian Peninsula by adjusting the abundances of proteins related to the photosynthetic machinery, abiotic stress and secondary metabolism. Under summer climate and water deprivation, these adjustments included efficient protein expression response mediated by heat shock proteins and the antioxidant system to counteract reactive oxygen species formation. Proteins related to secondary metabolism were downregulated, except for the P. dactylifera isoprene synthase (PdIspS), which was strongly upregulated in response to summer climate and drought. This study reports, for the first time, the identification and functional characterization of the gene encoding for PdIspS, allowing future analysis of isoprene functions in date palm under extreme environments. Overall, the current study shows that reprogramming of the leaf protein profiles confers the date palm heat- and drought tolerance. We conclude that the protein plasticity of date palm is an important mechanism of molecular adaptation to environmental fluctuations.

气候变化正在增加全球变暖和干旱期的频率和强度，目前对许多植物物种构成威胁。因此，迫切需要了解植物对气候变化的抵抗力和复原力。作为枣椰树（凤凰dactylifera) 进化出对干旱环境的适应机制，可以承受较大的昼夜和季节性温度波动，我们研究了叶片中蛋白质表达的变化、挥发性有机化合物的排放和光合作用，以应对不同的生长温度和土壤缺水。植物在受干旱胁迫挑战的模拟沙特阿拉伯夏季和冬季气候的受控环境条件下生长。我们表明，枣椰树能够通过调整与光合机制、非生物胁迫和次生代谢相关的蛋白质丰度来抵消阿拉伯半岛的恶劣条件。在夏季气候和缺水的情况下，这些调整包括由热休克蛋白和抗氧化系统介导的有效蛋白质表达反应，以抵消活性氧的形成。与次级代谢相关的蛋白质被下调，除了P. dactylifera异戊二烯合酶 (PdIspS)，在应对夏季气候和干旱时强烈上调。该研究首次报告了 PdIspS 编码基因的鉴定和功能表征，从而允许未来分析极端环境下枣椰树中的异戊二烯功能。总体而言，目前的研究表明，叶蛋白谱的重新编程赋予了枣椰树耐热和耐旱性。我们得出结论，枣椰树的蛋白质可塑性是分子适应环境波动的重要机制。