In sustainable agriculture, the use of farmyard manure (FYM) is of great interest to environmental security and is effective as a good nitrogen source for sustainable crop production. Therefore, determining the effective doses of FYM that will be an alternative to chemical fertilizers, is also important to improve soil fertility and produce healthy products. This study aimed to determine the effects of FYM and ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilizers on the biological value and essential oil content of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Different doses FYM (7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 t ha−1) and AN (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha−1) were applied by sowing and compared to a control group (no manure). We evaluated the chemical constituents as well as the biological activities of dill herbs and seeds growing at various doses of FYM and AN fertilizers. The most abundant components of essential oils were found to be dill apiole (11.96 ± 0.83 and 18.65 ± 1.89%) and carvotanacetone (15.90 ± 2.34 and 21.76 ± 1.62%) in the leaves and seeds, respectively. Limonene (9.01 ± 1.11%), 4-isopropyltoluen (8.24 ± 0.89%), dill ether (9.13 ± 1.12%) and mycrene (7.44 ± 0.68%) were major essential oils components in herbs. The highest concentration of the essential oil components was determined as 12.5–15 t ha−1 in FYM and 90 AN applications. From the effective concentration (EC50) of the samples, it was seen that 60 kg ha−1 AN infusion, 120 kg ha−1 AN decoction as well as 7.5 t ha−1 FYM and 10 t ha−1 FYM essential oils had the highest DPPH, ABTS+ and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity as shown by the lowest value of EC50 compared to the control. Although the antioxidant activities of the samples were significantly lower than those of the reference antioxidant gallic acid, it was evident that they did show the antioxidative potential for hydrogen and a single electron donor activities, thus could serve as free radical scavengers, and act as reductant. In particular, the highest total phenolic content (18.36 ± 0.35 mg g−1) was found in the infusion extract after applying the 60 kg ha−1 AN fertilizer. Essential oils extracted from the seeds also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The highest antibacterial activity against all tested microbial species was observed with the 10 t ha−1 FYM application. The findings of the study suggest that the application of FYM has promising effects on dill leaf, seed, and herb and can be considered as a suitable substitute for chemical fertilizers when growing dill, a plant with increasing importance and demand.

中文翻译：

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无机和有机条件下生长的香叶炭疽水提取物的精油化学成分和生物活性

在可持续农业中，使用农家粪肥（FYM）对环境安全具有重大意义，并作为可持续作物生产的良好氮源有效。因此，确定可替代化学肥料的FYM有效剂量对于提高土壤肥力和生产健康产品也很重要。这项研究旨在确定FYM和硝酸铵（AN）肥料对莳萝（Anethumgravolens L.）的生物学价值和精油含量的影响。通过播种施用不同剂量的FYM（7.5、10、12.5和15 t ha-1）和AN（30、60、90和120 kg ha-1），并与对照组（无粪肥）进行比较。我们评估了不同剂量的FYM和AN肥料生长的莳萝草药和种子的化学成分以及生物学活性。在叶和种子中，发现精油中最丰富的成分分别是莳萝apiole（11.96±0.83和18.65±1.89％）和carvotanacetone（15.90±2.34和21.76±1.62％）。柠檬烯（9.01±1.11％），4-异丙基甲苯（8.24±0.89％），莳萝醚（9.13±1.12％）和月桂烯（7.44±0.68％）是草药中的主要精油成分。在FYM和90 AN应用中，精油成分的最高浓度确定为12.5-15 t ha-1。从样品的有效浓度（EC50）可以看出，输注60 kg ha-1 AN汤剂，120 kg ha-1 AN汤剂以及7.5 t ha-1 FYM和10 t ha-1 FYM香精油具有与对照组相比，最低的EC50值显示出最高的DPPH，ABTS +和超氧阴离子自由基清除活性。尽管样品的抗氧化活性明显低于参比抗氧化没食子酸，但很明显它们确实显示了对氢的抗氧化能力和单电子给体活性，因此可以用作自由基清除剂，并充当还原剂。特别是，在施用60 kg ha-1 AN肥料后，在输液提取物中发现了最高的总酚含量（18.36±0.35 mg g-1）。从种子中提取的精油还对表皮葡萄球菌，粪肠球菌和铜绿假单胞菌显示出强大的抗菌活性。使用10 t ha-1 FYM可以观察到对所有被测微生物物种具有最高的抗菌活性。研究结果表明，FYM的应用对莳萝叶，种子，