Feedback outcomes are generally classified into positive and negative feedback. People often predict a feedback outcome with information that is based on both objective facts and uncertain subjective information such as a mood. For example, if an action leads to good results consecutively, people performing the action overestimate the behavioral result of the next action. In electroencephalogram measurements, negative feedback evokes negative potential, called feedback negativity, and positive feedback evokes positive potential, called reward positivity. The present study investigated the relationship between the degree of the mood caused by the feedback outcome and error-related brain potentials. We measured the electroencephalogram activity while the participants played a virtual reality shooting game. The experimental task was to shoot down a cannonball flying towards the player using a handgun. The task difficulty was determined from the size and curve of the flying cannonball. These gaming parameters affected the outcome probability of shooting the target in the game. We also implemented configurations in the game such as the player’s life-points and play times. These configurations affected the outcome magnitude of shooting the target in the game. Moreover, we used the temporal accuracy of shooting in the game as the parameter of the mood. We investigated the relationship between these experimental features and the event-related potentials using the single-trial based linear mixed effect model analysis. The feedback negativity was observed at an error trial, and its amplitude was modulated with outcome probability and the mood. Conversely, reward positivity was observed at hit trials, but its amplitude was modulated with outcome probability and outcome magnitude. This result suggests that the feedback negativity is enhanced not only according to feedback probability but also according to the mood that was changed depending on the temporal gaming outcome.

中文翻译：

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游戏任务中情绪的时间波动会调节反馈负性：虚拟现实的脑电图研究

反馈结果通常分为正反馈和负反馈。人们经常使用基于客观事实和不确定的主观信息（例如情绪）的信息来预测反馈结果。例如，如果一个动作连续产生良好的结果，则执行该动作的人会高估下一个动作的行为结果。在脑电图测量中，负反馈会引起负电位，称为反馈负电位，正反馈会引起正电位，称为奖励正电位。本研究调查了由反馈结果引起的情绪程度和与错误相关的脑电势之间的关系。我们在参与者玩虚拟现实射击游戏时测量了脑电图活动。实验性任务是使用手枪击落一枚朝着玩家飞来的炮弹。根据飞行炮弹的大小和曲线确定任务难度。这些游戏参数影响了在游戏中射击目标的结果概率。我们还在游戏中实现了一些配置，例如玩家的生命点和游戏时间。这些配置影响了在游戏中射击目标的结果大小。此外，我们将游戏中射击的时间准确性用作情绪的参数。我们使用基于单项试验的线性混合效应模型分析研究了这些实验特征与事件相关电位之间的关系。在错误试验中观察到反馈为负，其幅度受结果概率和情绪的影响。反过来，在命中试验中观察到奖励阳性，但其幅度受结局概率和结局幅度的调节。该结果表明，不仅根据反馈概率而且还根据根据时间游戏结果而改变的情绪来增强反馈负性。