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The pediatric psychopharmacology of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review - Part I: The past and the present
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-20 , DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110326
Antonio M Persico 1 , Arianna Ricciardello 1 , Marco Lamberti 2 , Laura Turriziani 1 , Francesca Cucinotta 1 , Claudia Brogna 3 , Benedetto Vitiello 4 , Celso Arango 5
Affiliation  

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a severe and lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder, with high social costs and a dramatic burden on the quality of life of patients and family members. Despite its high prevalence, reaching 1/54 children and 1/45 adults in the United States, no pharmacological treatment is still directed to core symptoms of ASD, encompassing social and communication deficits, repetitive behaviors, restricted interests, and abnormal sensory processing. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art of psychopharmacological therapy available today for ASD in children and adolescents, in order to foster best practices and to organize new strategies for future research. To date, atypical antipsychotics such as risperidone and aripiprazole represent the first line of intervention for hyperactivity, impulsivity, agitation, temper outbursts or aggression towards self or others. Tricyclic antidepressants are less prescribed because uncertain efficacy and important side effects. SSRIs, especially fluoxetine and sertraline, may be effective in treating repetitive behaviors (anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms) and irritability/agitation, while mirtazapine is more helpful with sleep problems. Low doses of buspirone have shown some efficacy on restrictive and repetitive behaviors in combination with behavioral interventions. Stimulants, and to a lesser extent atomoxetine, are effective in reducing hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity also in comorbid ASD-ADHD, although with somewhat lower efficacy and greater incidence of side effects compared to idiopathic ADHD. Clonidine and guanfacine display some efficacy on hyperactivity and stereotypic behaviors. For several other drugs, case reports and open-label studies suggest possible efficacy, but no randomized controlled trial has yet been performed. Research in the pediatric psychopharmacology of ASD is still faced with at least two major hurdles: (a) Great interindividual variability in clinical response and side effect sensitivity is observed in the ASD population. This low level of predictability would benefit from symptom-specific treatment algorithms and from biomarkers to support drug choice; (b) To this date, no psychoactive drug appears to directly ameliorate core autism symptoms, although some indirect improvement has been reported with several drugs, once the comorbid target symptom is abated.



中文翻译:

自闭症谱系障碍的儿科精神药理学:系统评价 - 第一部分:过去和现在

自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种严重的终生神经发育障碍,社会成本高昂,对患者和家庭成员的生活质量造成巨大负担。尽管其患病率很高,在美国达到 1/54 的儿童和 1/45 的成人,但仍然没有针对 ASD 的核心症状的药物治疗,包括社交和沟通障碍、重复行为、兴趣受限和异常感觉处理。本综述的目的是概述目前可用于儿童和青少年 ASD 的最先进的精神药理学治疗,以促进最佳实践并为未来研究组织新策略。迄今为止,非典型抗精神病药如利培酮和阿立哌唑代表了多动症的一线干预,冲动、激动、脾气暴躁或对自己或他人的攻击。由于疗效不确定和重要的副作用,三环类抗抑郁药的处方较少。SSRIs,尤其是氟西汀和舍曲林,可能对治疗重复行为(焦虑和强迫症状)和烦躁/躁动有效,而米氮平对睡眠问题更有帮助。低剂量丁螺环酮结合行为干预对限制性和重复性行为显示出一定的疗效。兴奋剂和较小程度的托莫西汀可有效减少共病 ASD-ADHD 的多动、注意力不集中和冲动,尽管与特发性 ADHD 相比疗效稍低且副作用发生率更高。可乐定和胍法辛对多动和刻板行为表现出一定的疗效。对于其他几种药物,病例报告和开放标签研究表明可能有效,但尚未进行随机对照试验。ASD 的儿科精神药理学研究仍面临至少两个主要障碍:(a) 在 ASD 人群中观察到临床反应和副作用敏感性的个体间差异很大。这种低水平的可预测性将受益于症状特异性治疗算法和支持药物选择的生物标志物;(b) 迄今为止,似乎没有任何精神活性药物可以直接改善核心自闭症症状,尽管据报道,一旦共病目标症状减轻,几种药物会产生一些间接改善。病例报告和开放标签研究表明可能有效,但尚未进行随机对照试验。ASD 的儿科精神药理学研究仍面临至少两个主要障碍:(a) 在 ASD 人群中观察到临床反应和副作用敏感性的个体间差异很大。这种低水平的可预测性将受益于症状特异性治疗算法和支持药物选择的生物标志物;(b) 迄今为止,似乎没有任何精神活性药物可以直接改善核心自闭症症状,尽管据报道,一旦共病目标症状减轻,几种药物会产生一些间接改善。病例报告和开放标签研究表明可能有效,但尚未进行随机对照试验。ASD 的儿科精神药理学研究仍面临至少两个主要障碍:(a) 在 ASD 人群中观察到临床反应和副作用敏感性的个体间差异很大。这种低水平的可预测性将受益于症状特异性治疗算法和支持药物选择的生物标志物;(b) 迄今为止,似乎没有任何精神活性药物可以直接改善核心自闭症症状,尽管据报道,一旦共病目标症状减轻,几种药物会产生一些间接改善。ASD 的儿科精神药理学研究仍面临至少两个主要障碍:(a) 在 ASD 人群中观察到临床反应和副作用敏感性的个体间差异很大。这种低水平的可预测性将受益于症状特异性治疗算法和支持药物选择的生物标志物;(b) 迄今为止,似乎没有任何精神活性药物可以直接改善核心自闭症症状,尽管据报道,一旦共病目标症状减轻,几种药物会产生一些间接改善。ASD 的儿科精神药理学研究仍面临至少两个主要障碍:(a) 在 ASD 人群中观察到临床反应和副作用敏感性的个体间差异很大。这种低水平的可预测性将受益于症状特异性治疗算法和支持药物选择的生物标志物;(b) 迄今为止,似乎没有任何精神活性药物可以直接改善核心自闭症症状,尽管据报道,一旦共病目标症状减轻,几种药物会产生一些间接改善。

更新日期:2021-04-20
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