An extraordinary strong wind‐driven upwelling event occurred in Lake Superior in summer of 2010 when the lake was strongly stratified. In this paper, a detailed three‐dimensional (3‐D) investigation of the current and thermal structures during the upwelling event was conducted using in situ observations, remote sensing products, and the results of a long‐term numerical simulation. A 3‐D finite‐volume coupled ice–ocean model tailored for the Laurentian Great Lakes was employed for this purpose. The model was validated with temperature observations at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration buoys and mooring data from 2010. The upwelling event observed in satellite imagery and at a mooring station was reproduced by the model, showing a cooling of as much as 10°C in August 2010 along the northwestern coast. The relationship between the alongshore wind and the offshore thermocline displacement (upwelling front) derived in theoretical work (Csanady, 1977, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC082i003p00397) was used to calculate upwelling front movement offshore and found to be in in close agreement with model prediction. A significant correlation between alongshore wind stress and lake temperature change in the upwelling zone was found with a correlation coefficient of −0.87. A simple linear heat balance model explained most of variability in temperature.

中文翻译：

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模拟苏必利尔湖的大型沿海上升事件

在苏必利尔湖于2010年夏季发生了一次异常强烈的风上升流事件，当时该湖被强烈分层。在本文中，使用现场观测，遥感产品以及长期数值模拟的结果，对上升流事件期间的电流和热力结构进行了详细的三维（3D）研究。为此，采用了为Laurentian大湖量身定制的3D有限体积冰海耦合模型。该模型已通过美国国家海洋和大气管理局浮标的温度观测以及2010年以来的系泊数据进行了验证。该模型再现了在卫星图像和系泊站观测到的上升流事件，显示8月的降温幅度高达10°C。 2010年沿西北海岸。在理论工作（Csanady，1977，https：//doi.org/10.1029/JC082i003p00397）中得出的沿岸风向与海上热跃层位移（上升前沿）之间的关系被用于计算海上上升沿运动，并发现在与模型预测密切相关。发现上升流区沿海风应力与湖泊温度变化之间存在显着相关性，相关系数为-0.87。一个简单的线性热平衡模型解释了温度的大部分变化。发现上升流区沿海风应力与湖泊温度变化之间存在显着相关性，相关系数为-0.87。一个简单的线性热平衡模型解释了温度的大部分变化。发现上升流区沿海风应力与湖泊温度变化之间存在显着相关性，相关系数为-0.87。一个简单的线性热平衡模型解释了温度的大部分变化。