Dating of bitumen can potentially constrain both the timing of mineralization and hydrocarbon deposition in hydrocarbon-bearing hydrothermal deposits. Here we report for the first time direct Sm-Nd dating on bitumen from the Erdaokan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, a newly discovered, large, hydrocarbon-bearing hydrothermal deposit with 2964 kt of ore and 1535 t Ag with an average grade of 517 g/t Ag, 0.6 wt% Pb and 0.41 wt% Zn in the Back-Arc basin of NE Great Xing’an Range, NE China. Dating results show that Sm-Nd isochron age of four bitumen samples is 234.6 ± 1.2 Ma and an isochron age that includes three galena and four bitumen samples is 234.9 ± 1.4 Ma. In order to verify these ages, we performed Rb-Sr dating on pyrite and galena from the same deposit and U-Pb dating of zircon from the adjacent diorite porphyrite dike, which yielded ages of 232.9 ± 2.3 Ma and 234.2 ± 2.8 Ma, respectively. The highly concordant ages from multiple techniques confirms that bitumen Sm-Nd isotopic dating is reliable, and that the ages obtained in our study represent the hydrocarbon deposition as well as mineralization timing in the deposit. We conclude that, in the Duobaoshan metallogenic belt, the Erdaokan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is the first identified large, Middle Triassic, hydrocarbon-bearing silver-lead–zinc deposit and is of great significance to the regional metallogenesis research and prospecting work in the Great Xing’an Range.