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Competitive drivers of interspecific deviations of crown morphology from theoretical predictions measured with Terrestrial Laser Scanning
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-16 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13670 Harry J F Owen 1 , William R M Flynn 1 , Emily R Lines 2
中文翻译：
用地面激光扫描测量的理论预测与牙冠形态种间偏差的竞争驱动因素
更新日期：2021-04-16
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-16 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13670 Harry J F Owen 1 , William R M Flynn 1 , Emily R Lines 2
Affiliation
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- Tree crown morphology is a key driver of forest dynamics, determining not only the competitiveness of an individual but also the competitive effect exerted on neighbouring trees. Multiple ecological theories, including metabolic scaling theory (MST), predict crown morphology from first principles, but typically lack consideration of competition. The accurate quantification of crown morphology to test theoretical predictions, and the canopy interactions that could alter them, has historically been limited by the simplicity and associated error of traditional crown measurements.
- In this study, we calculate high-resolution two- and three-dimensional crown metrics from Terrestrial Laser Scanning data for 1,441 Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra, Quercus faginea and Q. ilex trees from a water-limited forest community in central Spain and test height-crown metric scaling relationships. We demonstrate new TLS methods to define symmetric and asymmetric neighbourhood metrics based on tree height, crown size and neighbour projected crown area, and test the importance of neighbourhood genus diversity on crown morphology by separating competition from congeneric and heterogeneric neighbours.
- Competition negatively impacted all crown metrics except crown depth where only P. nigra showed sensitivity. Asymmetric competition was the strongest driver of pine crown morphology, but oaks were more sensitive to symmetric competition, in line with shade tolerance expectations. Congeneric competition reduced Q. faginea crown size and changed its shape, but we found no significant effects of heterogeneric neighbours. Most species and crown dimensions had height-crown scaling exponents below those predicted by MST, which may be due to water limitation effects. Pines and oaks showed large differences in crown depth to height scaling, with the former shallower and the latter deeper, in contrast to theoretical predictions.
- Synthesis. Our study is the first to demonstrate the ability of TLS to characterise crown morphology from leaf-wood separated clouds and competitive neighbour effects in a water-limited forest community, and to use TLS metrics to test ecological crown scaling theory. Most crown metrics scaled below theoretical predictions. Pines were more sensitive to competition by larger neighbours and oaks to crowding from all neighbours, with competition from neighbours of the same genus having a consistent negative effect.
中文翻译：
用地面激光扫描测量的理论预测与牙冠形态种间偏差的竞争驱动因素
- 树冠形态是森林动态的关键驱动因素，不仅决定了个体的竞争力，还决定了对邻近树木的竞争影响。包括代谢标度理论 (MST) 在内的多种生态理论从第一原理预测冠形态，但通常缺乏对竞争的考虑。准确量化树冠形态以测试理论预测，以及可能改变它们的冠层相互作用，历来受到传统树冠测量的简单性和相关误差的限制。
- 在这项研究中，我们计算出高分辨率二维和从地面激光扫描数据的三维冠指标1441樟子松，P。来自西班牙中部限水森林社区的nigra、Quercus faginea和Q. ilex树，并测试高度-冠部度量比例关系。我们展示了新的 TLS 方法来定义基于树高、树冠大小和邻居投影树冠面积的对称和非对称邻域度量，并通过将竞争与同类和异类邻居分开来测试邻域属多样性对树冠形态的重要性。
- 竞争对除冠深度以外的所有冠指标产生负面影响，其中只有P。nigra表现出敏感。不对称竞争是松树树冠形态的最强驱动因素，但橡树对对称竞争更敏感，符合耐荫性预期。同类竞争降低了Q。faginea牙冠大小并改变了它的形状，但我们没有发现异质邻居的显着影响。大多数物种和树冠尺寸的高度-树冠缩放指数低于 MST 预测的指数，这可能是由于水限制效应。与理论预测相反，松树和橡树在树冠深度与高度的比例上表现出很大差异，前者更浅，后者更深。
- 合成。我们的研究首次证明了 TLS 从叶木分离云中表征树冠形态和限水森林群落中的竞争邻居效应的能力，并使用 TLS 指标来测试生态冠缩放理论。大多数皇冠指标的比例低于理论预测。松树对较大邻居的竞争更敏感，橡树对所有邻居的拥挤更敏感，来自同一属的邻居的竞争具有一致的负面影响。
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